Trade volume

Trade value

Name of the country where the commodity was produced

Company, including subsidiaries, responsible for exporting the commodity

Corporate group responsible for exporting the commodity (groups the exporter column into parent companies where applicable)

Company, including subsidiaries, responsible for importing the commodity

Corporate group responsible for importing the commodity

Country of product destination as recorded in trade data

Aggregation of destination countries according to relevant economic blocs, including for example the European Union. Not all economic blocs existing in the world are represented in the data: where there is no specific economic bloc the name of the destination country is used instead.

Volume of the traded commodity. The total value is the raw equivalent of the traded sub-products (for example, soy cake and soy oil are converted to soybean equivalent tonnes).

Value of the traded product at point of export in US dollars based on customs and trade data in FOB (Freight on Board).

Country where the product was produced, described using the official ISO 2 code

Country of product destination, described using the official ISO 2 code

Ghana cocoa - Supply chain data

James Richens

Valentin Guye

Erasmus zu Ermgassen

Companies exporting cocoa from Ghana are failing to publicly demonstrate that their supplies are not grown on deforested land, according to research by Trase, raising questions over their sustainability commitments and their preparedness to comply with the EU deforestation regulation.

Ghana produces around 20% of the world’s cocoa, making it the 

 after Côte d'Ivoire. Cocoa production and export is a critically important activity for Ghana’s economy. Some 800,000 smallholder farmers in Ghana grow cocoa and rely on the trade for their livelihoods.

Yet cocoa production is also a major driver of deforestation. Ghana loses an average 42,000 hectares of native forest per year to the expansion of cocoa plantations

. Deforestation results in biodiversity loss and contributes to climate change.

About 43% of Ghana’s cocoa is exported to the EU, where it is mostly used to make chocolate. Concern among consumers that the chocolate they buy is driving deforestation has contributed to the cocoa sector developing sustainability initiatives aimed at providing reassurance that the cocoa is deforestation-free.

The EU’s new deforestation regulation will greatly up the ante. From the end of 2024, it requires companies importing and exporting a range of agricultural commodities from the bloc, including cocoa, to 

prove that they were not grown on land deforested after 2020

. Deforestation is moving from a reputational risk to a regulatory risk. Failure to comply means that cocoa producers and traders will lose access to the EU market.

New research by Trase shows that cocoa traders in Ghana may struggle to comply with these requirements because – despite their sustainability initiatives – they do not appear to know where most of the cocoa they trade is grown. Our analysis of voluntary corporate disclosures by cocoa traders in Ghana shows that while 80% of cocoa exports can be linked to a company that publicly discloses some supply chain information, there is only sufficient data to link it back to the district where it was produced for a mere 9% of exports.

The research used publicly disclosed data from the Cocoa Forest Initiative (CFI) whose membership includes 36 leading cocoa and chocolate companies operating in Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire and who are committed to mapping their supply chains and eliminating deforestation, as well as data published by companies themselves. The CFI reports that its members operating in Ghana were able to trace cocoa beans sourced from 361,395 mapped farms in 2021. Trase equates this to a maximum of 220,000 tonnes of cocoa beans, representing 21% of Ghana’s cocoa production and 57% of EU imports from Ghana in that year.

The poor quality of the data disclosed by companies makes it impossible to judge the veracity of company claims regarding deforestation-free supply. This is due to a few factors. There could be significant double counting of farms mapped by several companies. The locations of suppliers are not publicly reported, falling short of 

. Instead, traders simply disclose the names of supplier companies (known as licensed buying companies) or farmer groups, without reporting where the supplier companies source beans from, or where farmer groups are located. In other cases, the location information given lacks clarity or contains errors. Of the cocoa traders in Ghana, Trase found that only Barry Callebaut, Cargill, Ecom and Olam made disclosures that allowed the district of cocoa production to be identified.

Trase mapped the locations in Ghana that these four companies call ‘direct sourcing’. It shows that a large area accounting for an estimated 19%

 of national cocoa production is omitted from public disclosures. This area hosts 29% (460,211 hectares) of the remaining forest in Ghana that is suitable to grow cocoa. Of most concern is the lack of disclosure in south-west Ghana where there is substantial cocoa production adjacent to significant areas of forest (see map).

Of the four trading companies that made disclosures allowing the production district to be identified, only Barry Callebaut and Cargill disclose both the location and the size (number of farmers) of their collection points. This lack of transparency hinders efforts to map the cocoa supply chain at subnational resolution, as 

Trase does in neighbouring Côte d’Ivoire

. Trase estimates that Barry Callebaut has mapped 48% of the 121,000 tonnes it sources from Ghana, while Cargill has mapped 16% of its 125,000 tonne supply.

Ghana’s cocoa board, Cocobod, which regulates the country’s cocoa trade, is developing a cocoa traceability system in part to enable compliance with the EU deforestation regulation. At a 

, Cocobod urged stakeholders to support the system, which should enable cocoa to be traced from the shipping port to the plot of land where it was grown.

A key concern for both the future national traceability system and current company traceability efforts is the lack of transparency. Trase recommends that cocoa traders and Cocobod follow the Accountability Framework – a practical roadmap for 

 in the agriculture and forestry sectors supported by a range of civil society groups, companies and financial institutions. Specifically, we recommend the disclosure of the location and volume of the direct suppliers on an annual basis.

Trase’s research only assessed what companies call direct supplies of cocoa in Ghana. It is unclear how much cocoa is sourced ‘indirectly’, via additional intermediaries, with even less visibility back to origin. Trase recommends that companies, in particular members of the CFI, disclose the overall proportion of their cocoa that comes from indirect sources, and also the location and volumes purchased from each immediate supplier.

The authors thank Adeline Dontenville, Michaela Foster, Jackson Harris, Patrick Meyfroidt and Cécile Renier for their expert contributions to this article.

This research was partly funded through the 2019-2020 BiodivERsA joint call for research proposals, under the BiodivClim ERA-Net COFUND programme, and with the funding organisations Formas and Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique.

Article citation: Richens, J. A. E., Guye, V., & zu Ermgassen, E. (2023). Cocoa traders fall short on supplier disclosure in Ghana. Trase. 

Kalischek N, Lang N, Renier C, et al, 2023. 

Cocoa plantations are associated with deforestation in Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana

Renier C, Vandromme M, Meyfroidt P, Ribeiro V, Kalischek N, Ermgassen EKHJZ, 2023. 

Transparency, traceability and deforestation in the Ivorian cocoa supply chain

Vancutsem C, Achard F, Pekel JF, et al, 2021. 

Long-term (1990–2019) monitoring of forest cover changes in the humid tropics

Ghana cocoa supply chain dataset