Trase empowers you with data and insight to eliminate deforestation and transition towards more sustainable and equitable agricultural supply chains.

Intelligence for sustainable trade

Trase methodology:
A step-by-step introduction

Trase empowers organisations to take action on deforestation and deliver sustainability commitments.

Gross emissions attributable to deforestation. Estimates are based on the total biomass removal stored in the native vegetation. The numbers are subsequently transformed in CO₂-eq by multiplying carbon stock per 3.67.

Argentina - Emissions from deforestation

Argentina - Human development index

Gross emissions attributable to soy deforestation. Estimates are based on the total biomass removal stored in the native vegetation. The numbers are subsequently transformed in CO₂-eq by multiplying carbon stock per 3.67.

Argentina - Gross emissions from soy deforestation

Volume of soy produced per jurisdiction that was certified according to the Round Table on Responsible Soy (RTRS) Standard for Responsible Soy Production. No conversion of natural vegetation is permitted after June 2016 under the RTRS Principles and Criteria.

Argentina - Round Table on Responsible Soy

The soy area in the target year that overlaps with deforestation in the five years prior to soy detection.

Argentina - Soy deforestation

Argentina - Production of soy

Percentage of the soy that is exported by a trader with a zero deforestation commitment.

Argentina - Soy traded under zero deforestation commitments

Total deforestation per jurisdiction for a given year.

Argentina - Deforestation

Gross emissions attributable to soy deforestation. Estimates are based on the total removal of the biomass stored in the native vegetation. The numbers are subsequently transformed in CO₂-eq by multiplying carbon stock per 3.67.

Bolivia - Gross emissions from soy deforestation

The soy area in a given year that overlaps with deforestation in the five years before soy detection.

Bolivia - Soy deforestation

Production of soy per jurisdiction for a given year.

Bolivia - Production of soy

Bolivia - Deforestation

Cattle deforestation is the amount of deforestation associated with the production of beef for a given year. Cattle deforestation builds on pasture deforestation and assumes a 5 year life cycle from birth to slaughter, accounting for the average pasture deforestation during the 5 year lifespan.

Cattle deforestation estimates the amount of deforestation associated with the production of beef for a given year. Cattle deforestation combines the area deforested for pastures and cattle production, assuming a 5 year life cycle from birth to slaughter, accounting for the average pasture deforestation during the 5 year lifespan.

Brazil - Cattle deforestation

Cattle deforestation per ton is the pasture deforestation associated with the full production life-cycle of beef for a given year, expressed in hectares deforested per ton of carcass. We assume a 5 year life cycle from birth to slaughter accounting for average production and pasture deforestation during the life cycle.

Cattle deforestation per ton estimates the amount of deforestation associated with the production of beef for a given year, expressed in hectares deforested per ton of carcass. Cattle assumes a 5 year life cycle from birth to slaughter accounting for the average production and pasture deforestation during the life cycle.

Brazil - Cattle deforestation per ton

Gross emissions from territorial deforestation. Estimates are based on the total removal of the biomass stored in the native vegetation, including above and below ground biomass, litter and deadwood. 

Gross greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from territorial  deforestation, expressed in tonnes of CO₂-equivalent (t CO₂-eq) are determined by calculating the emissions resulting from the removal (land conversion) of native vegetation carbon stocks. Carbon stocks include the above and below ground biomass including necromass. The carbon stocks are based on the values provided by SEEG v12 (SEEG, 2024). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq by multiplying the values by 3.67, based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂.

Brazil - Gross emissions from deforestation

Estimated cattle production in tonnes of carcass.

Cattle production (ton carcass) per municipality, per year, is calculated as: herd size (per muni/yr) * slaughter rate (per state/yr) * carcass weight (per state/yr). Herd size is derived from IBGE cattle heads (IBGE, 2025), slaughter rate: extrapolates Annualpec slaughter data (IEG & FNP, 2019), based on IBGE slaughter data and corrected for SIGSIF animal movements (MAPA, 2019). Carcass weight is derived from IBGE carcass weights (IBGE, 2025)

Brazil - Cattle production

Gross CO₂-eq emissions from cattle deforestation (using a 5-year allocation period), estimate emission from the loss of the native vegetation biomass (above- and below-ground, litter, and deadwood; excluding soil carbon).

Gross greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from cattle deforestation, expressed in tonnes of CO₂-equivalent (t CO₂-eq), are determined by calculating the emissions resulting from the removal of native vegetation carbon stocks. Carbon stocks include the above and below ground biomass including necromass. The carbon stocks are based on the values provided by SEEG v12 (SEEG, 2024). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq by multiplying the values by 3.67, based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂.

Brazil - Gross emissions from cattle deforestation

Gross CO₂-eq emissions from cattle deforestation per ton of beef, assuming a 5-year cattle lifecycle from birth to slaughter. Estimates are based on the loss of native vegetation biomass (above- and below-ground, litter, and deadwood; excluding soil carbon), with carbon stocks converted to CO₂-eq by multiplying by 3.67.

Brazil - Gross emissions from cattle deforestation per ton

Gross CO₂-eq emissions from pasture deforestation (using a 5-year allocation period), estimate emissions from the loss of the native vegetation biomass (above- and below-ground, litter, and deadwood; excluding soil carbon).

Gross greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from pasture deforestation, expressed in tonnes of CO₂-equivalent (t CO₂-eq), are determined by calculating the emissions resulting from the removal (land conversion) of native vegetation carbon stocks. Carbon stocks include the above and below ground biomass including necromass. The carbon stocks are based on the values provided by SEEG v12 (SEEG, 2024). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq by multiplying the values by 3.67, based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂.

Brazil - Gross emissions from pasture deforestation

Net CO₂-eq emissions attributable to cattle deforestation (using a 5-year allocation period). Estimates are based on the difference between the biomass stored in the native vegetation biomass (above- and below-ground, litter, and deadwood; excluding soil carbon).

Net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from cattle deforestation, expressed in tonnes of CO₂-equivalent (t CO₂-eq), are estimated based on the difference between the biomass stored in the native vegetation biomass before land conversion and the carbon stored in pastures. Carbon stocks include above and below ground biomass including necromass. Both the native vegetation and the pasture carbon stocks are based on estimates provided by SEEG v12 (SEEG, 2024). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq by multiplying the values by 3.67, based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂.

Brazil - Net emissions from cattle deforestation

Net CO₂-eq emissions from cattle deforestation per ton of beef, based on the biomass difference between native vegetation and pasture, assuming a 5-year cattle lifecycle from birth to slaughter.

Brazil - Net emissions from cattle deforestation per ton

Production of cocoa per jurisdiction for a given year.

Brazil - Production of cocoa

Net CO₂-eq emissions attributable to pasture deforestation (using a 5-year allocation period). Estimates are based on the difference between the biomass stored in the native vegetation biomass (above- and below-ground, litter, and deadwood; excluding soil carbon).

Net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from pasture deforestation, expressed in tonnes of CO₂-equivalent (t CO₂-eq), are determined by calculating the emissions resulting from the removal of native vegetation carbon stocks, due to deforestation for pasture, and the carbon stored in pasture. Carbon stocks include above and below ground biomass including necromass. Both the native vegetation and the pasture carbon stocks are based on estimates provided by SEEG v12 (SEEG, 2024). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq by multiplying the values by 3.67, based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂.

Brazil - Net emissions from pasture deforestation

Pasture deforestation is the amount of deforestation across a five-year allocation period that is converted to pasture. To calculate it, we overlapped the annual pasture maps from MapBiomas with the annual territorial deforestation five years prior to the target year for pasture, including the year the pasture was detected.

Pasture deforestation is quantified as the total area of deforestation converted to pasture within a five-year allocation period. We calculate this by spatially overlapping annual pasture maps from MapBiomas with annual territorial deforestation data. This analysis identifies all deforestation that occurred within the five years prior to, and including, the year pasture was detected, yielding a cumulative estimate of deforestation linked to pasture land use. The territorial deforestation data is a composite dataset, integrating information from Prodes Amazon (INPE, 2025), Prodes Cerrado (INPE, 2025), and MapBiomas deforestation (MapBiomas, 2025; Souza et al., 2020) data for all other biomes.

Brazil - Pasture deforestation

Area of pasture derived from Mapbiomas collection 10 (MapBiomas, 2025)

Brazil - Pasture area

Percent export traded under a Company Zero Deforestation Commitment (ZDC) or the G4 (Compromisso Público da Pecuária – CPP) commitment.

Percent beef export volume traded under a Company Zero Deforestation Commitment (ZDC) (Global Canopy, 2025; Thomsen, 2025), G4 (Compromisso Público da Pecuária – CPP) (Greenpeace, 2009). NA for areas where no beef is exported from. ZDCs are assessed by Global Canopy following the Forest 500 guidance for those companies handling together 90% of total beef exports.

Brazil - Beef exported under a ZDC

Percent production under a Company Zero Deforestation Commitment (ZDC) or the G4 (Compromisso Público da Pecuária – CPP) commitment. Note, trader commitments within the domestic supply-chain are not assessed here.

Percent production volume (incl. exports and domestic) traded under a Company Zero Deforestation Commitment (ZDC) (Global Canopy, 2025; Thomsen, 2025), G4 (Compromisso Público da Pecuária – CPP) (Greenpeace, 2009). ZDCs are assessed by Global Canopy following the Forest 500 guidance for those companies handling together 90% of total beef exports.

Brazil - Beef produced under a ZDC

Number of chickens (heads) slaughtered per jurisdiction of origin.

Brazil - Chickens slaughtered

Average cocoa yield per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Cocoa yield

Production of arabica coffee per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Production of arabica coffee

Average arabica coffee yield per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Arabica coffee yield

Production of coffee per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Production of coffee

Average coffee yield per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Coffee yield

Production of robusta coffee per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Production of robusta coffee

Average robusta coffee yield per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Robusta coffee yield

Production of the first crop of corn per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Production of corn (first crop)

Average municipal corn yield per jurisdiction in a given year, only the first crop harvest.

Brazil - Corn yield (first crop)

Production of the second crop of corn per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Production of corn (second crop)

Average municipal corn yield per jurisdiction in a given year, only the second crop harvest.

Brazil - Corn yield (second crop)

Total production of corn per jurisdiction in a given year (first and second crop).

Brazil - Production of corn

Average municipal corn yield per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Corn yield

Total production of cotton per jurisdiction in a given year(first and second crop).

Brazil - Production of cotton

Average cotton yield per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Cotton yield

Number of pigs slaughtered per jurisdiction of origin in a given year.

Brazil - Pigs slaughtered

Gross CO₂-eq emissions from soy deforestation (using a 5-year allocation period), estimate emissions from the loss of the native vegetation biomass, including above- and below-ground, litter, and deadwood, while excluding soil carbon.

Gross greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from soy deforestation, expressed in tonnes of CO₂-equivalent (t CO₂-eq) are determined by calculating the emissions resulting from the removal (land conversion) of native vegetation carbon stocks. Carbon stocks include the above and below ground biomass including necromass. The carbon stocks are based on the values provided by SEEG v12 (SEEG, 2024). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq by multiplying the values by 3.67, based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂.

Brazil - Gross emissions from soy deforestation

Volume of soy per jurisdiction that was certified according to the Round Table on Responsible Soy (RTRS) Standard for Responsible Soy Production. No conversion of natural vegetation is permitted after June 2016 under the RTRS Principles and Criteria.

Volume of soy produced per jurisdiction that was certified according to the Round Table on Responsible Soy (RTRS) Standard for Responsible Soy Production. No conversion of natural vegetation is permitted after June 2016 under the RTRS Principles and Criteria (RTRS, 2024).

Brazil - Round Table on Responsible Soy (RTRS)

Soy harvested area derived from Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE, 2022).

Brazil - Soy area

Colombia - Deforestation

Department Water Shortage Vulnerability Index. IDEAM (Instituto de Hidrologia, Meteorologia y Estudios Ambientales, 2014).

Colombia - Water shortage vulnerability

Soy deforestation is the amount of deforestation across a five-year allocation period that is converted to soy. To calculate it, we overlapped the annual soy maps from GLAD, in the southern hemisphere, and Mapbiomas soy, for the northern hemisphere with the annual territorial deforestation up to six years prior to the soy harvest, excluding the time from planting to harvest. 

Soy deforestation is quantified as the total area of deforestation converted to soy within a five-year allocation period accounting for a one year lag between planting and harvest. We calculate this by spatially overlapping territorial deforestation and annual soy maps from GLAD in the southern hemisphere (Song et al., 2021) and Mapbiomas soy in the northern hemisphere (MapBiomas, 2025; Souza et al., 2020). This analysis identifies all deforestation that occurred within the five years prior to planting, yielding a cumulative estimate of deforestation linked to soy production. The territorial deforestation data is a composite dataset, integrating information from Prodes Amazon (INPE, 2025), Prodes Cerrado (INPE, 2025), and MapBiomas deforestation (MapBiomas, 2025; Souza et al., 2020) data for all other biomes.

Brazil - Soy deforestation

Soy production tons derived from Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE, 2022).

Brazil - Soy production

Soy yield was derived from Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE, 2022).

Brazil - Soy yield

Percentage of soy that is exported by a trader with a zero deforestation commitment (ZDC) (Global Canopy, 2025; Thomsen, 2025), including the Soy Moratorium in the Brazilian Amazon (Abiove, 2024). ZDCs are assessed by Global Canopy following the Forest 500 guidance for those companies handling together 90% of total soy exports.

Brazil - Soy exported under a ZDC

Total deforestation is defined as the conversion of primary native vegetation.

The territorial deforestation data is a composite dataset, integrating information from Prodes Amazon (INPE, 2025), Prodes Cerrado (INPE, 2025), and MapBiomas deforestation (MapBiomas, 2025; Souza et al., 2020) data for all other biomes. Deforestation is defined as the conversion of primary native vegetation. 

Brazil - Deforestation

Colombia - Production of coffee

Colombia - Coffee yield

Forest at risk of coffee expansion due to climate change in 2050 in hectares. Based on 2015 analysis.

Colombia - Forest at risk of coffee expansion by 2050 due to climate change

Colombia - GDP per capita

Multidimensional poverty index averaged for the jurisdiction. MPI identifies household and individual levels of health, education, and standard of living, 2010. Higher percentages indicate a higher level of multidimensional poverty.

Colombia - Multidimensional poverty index

Gross CO₂-eq. emissions from deforestation, estimated from the loss of above- and below-ground biomass (excluding soil carbon) from the EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021). Carbon stocks were converted to CO₂-eq. by multiplying by 3.67. Note that values for the most recent 2 years may change in the future when new versions of the Tropical Moist Forest dataset are released, updated to reflect whether recent forest change shows temporary degradation or permanent deforestation.

Gross (greenhouse gas) emissions from territorial deforestation (tonnes of CO2-eq) were calculated by estimating the maximum CO2-eq potentially emitted due to the full removal of the biomass as a result of territorial deforestation, estimated in a given year. This metric is calculated by multiplying the area of territorial deforestation by an estimate of the carbon stock contained in each hectare of converted land. Carbon stocks represent the total carbon stored in above- and below-ground biomass, but does not include carbon stocks in the soil. We create local estimates of biomass density (carbon stocks per hectare) using data from (Soto-Navarro et al., 2020). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq emissions by multiplying by a factor of 44/12 ( or 3.67), based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂ following (Pachauri et al., 2015).

Côte d’Ivoire - Gross greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation

Area of land used to grow cocoa from (Kalischek et al., 2023), based on satellite observations from 2019 to 2021.

This metric represents the area of cocoa plantations in hectares (ha) for the years 2019–2021 per department in Côte d'Ivoire based on cocoa farming maps at 10 metre resolution. Cocoa maps were obtained from (Kalischek et al., 2023) and  based on Sentinel-2 images taken between January 2019 and December 2021. Because this dataset was based on images taken in a three year time span, Trase distributes the same cocoa area in all years, from 2019 to 2021.

Côte d’Ivoire - Cocoa area

Cocoa deforestation is the amount of deforestation within a 15-year allocation period that is converted to cocoa plantations. To calculate it, we overlapped the cocoa area map from (Kalischek et al., 2023) (representing cocoa plantations in 2019 to 2021) with the annual loss of undisturbed Tropical Moist Forests from the EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021), applying a four-year lag between deforestation and first potential harvest to reflect the time from planting to harvest. Note that this does not account for cocoa expansion after 2021, and values for the most recent 2 years may change in the future when new versions of the Tropical Moist Forest dataset are released, updated to reflect whether recent forest change shows temporary degradation or permanent deforestation.

This metric estimates the amount of undisturbed forest converted to cocoa plantations over a 15 year period that is associated with cocoa production and exports in a selected year and department (Renier et al., 2023; Vancutsem et al., 2021). To estimate the deforestation associated with cocoa exports in a given year, we apply: a) a four-year lag between cocoa planting and the first harvest, reflecting the time required for plantations to become productive, and b) a 15-year allocation period over which plantations may contribute to traded cocoa volumes. Cocoa deforestation in 2021 is therefore calculated as the area of undisturbed forest converted to cocoa plantations between 2002 and 2017 at the location of cocoa production (Kalischek et al., 2023).

Côte d’Ivoire - Cocoa deforestation

Annual deforestation embedded in cocoa harvest represents the area of forest loss associated with cocoa harvested in the current year, accounting for a four-year lag between land clearing and production.

This metric estimates the annual amount of undisturbed forest converted to cocoa plantations that is associated with cocoa production and exports in a selected year and department (Renier et al., 2023; Vancutsem et al., 2021). To estimate the deforestation associated with cocoa exports in a given year, we apply a four-year lag between cocoa planting and the first harvest, reflecting the time required for plantations to become productive. Cocoa deforestation in 2021 is therefore calculated as the area of undisturbed forest converted to cocoa plantations in 2017 at the location of cocoa production (Kalischek et al., 2023).

Côte d’Ivoire - Annual embedded cocoa deforestation

Ghana - Cocoa area

Gross CO₂-equivalent emissions from cocoa deforestation (15-year allocation period, 4-year lag), estimated from the loss of above- and below-ground biomass (excluding soil carbon). Carbon stocks were converted to CO₂-equivalent by multiplying by 3.67. To calculate above and belowground biomass loss, we overlapped the cocoa area map from (Kalischek et al., 2023) (representing cocoa plantations in 2019 to 2021) with the loss of undisturbed Tropical Moist Forests from the EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021), applying a four-year lag between deforestation and first potential harvest to reflect the time from planting to harvest. Note that values for the most recent 2 years may change in the future when new versions of the Tropical Moist Forest dataset are released, updated to reflect whether recent forest change shows temporary degradation or permanent deforestation.

This metric estimates the gross greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with cocoa-driven deforestation over a 15-year period expressed in tonnes of CO₂-equivalent, and embedded in cocoa trade.  Emissions are calculated from the carbon stored in above- and below-ground biomass lost when undisturbed forest is deforested (excl. degradation) (Vancutsem et al., 2021) and converted to cocoa plantations (Kalischek et al., 2023), excluding soil carbon. To link emissions to cocoa exports, the metric applies a four-year lag between deforestation and the first cocoa harvest, reflecting the time required for cocoa trees to become productive, and allocates impacts over a 15-year production period. Carbon stock estimates are based on local biomass density data (Soto-Navarro et al., 2020) and converted to CO₂-equivalent using a factor of 3.67 (Pachauri et al., 2015). Estimates are based on cocoa plantation maps (Kalischek et al., 2023) and tropical forest loss data from the EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021). Values for recent years may change in future dataset updates as recent forest disturbance is reclassified over time.

Côte d’Ivoire - Gross emissions from cocoa deforestation

Annual gross CO₂-equivalent emissions embedded in cocoa harvest were estimated from the loss of above- and below-ground biomass (excluding soil carbon). Carbon stocks were converted to CO₂-equivalent by multiplying by 3.67. To calculate above and belowground biomass loss, we overlapped the cocoa area map from (Kalischek et al., 2023) (representing cocoa plantations in 2019 to 2021) with the annual loss of undisturbed Tropical Moist Forests from the EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021).

This metric estimates the annual gross greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with cocoa-driven deforestation expressed in tonnes of CO₂-equivalent and embedded in cocoa trade. Emissions are calculated from the carbon stored in above- and below-ground biomass lost when undisturbed forest is deforested (excl. degradation) (Vancutsem et al., 2021) and converted to cocoa plantations (Kalischek et al., 2023), excluding soil carbon. To link emissions to cocoa exports, the metric applies a four-year lag between deforestation and the first cocoa harvest, reflecting the time required for cocoa trees to become productive. Carbon stock estimates are based on local biomass density data (Soto-Navarro et al., 2020) and converted to CO₂-equivalent using a factor of 3.67 (Pachauri et al., 2015). Estimates are based on cocoa plantation maps  (Kalischek et al., 2023) and tropical forest loss data from the EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021). Values for recent years may change in future dataset updates as recent forest disturbance is reclassified over time.

Côte d’Ivoire - Gross emissions from annual cocoa deforestation

Net greenhouse gas emissions from cocoa deforestation (15-year allocation period, 4-year lag), were calculated as the difference between gross emissions from cocoa deforestation and sequestration in new cocoa plantations. To calculate above and belowground biomass loss, we overlapped the cocoa area map from (Kalischek et al., 2023) (representing cocoa plantations in 2019 to 2021) with the loss of undisturbed Tropical Moist Forests from the EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021), applying a four-year lag between deforestation and first potential harvest to reflect the time from planting to harvest. Note that values for the most recent 2 years may change in the future when new versions of the Tropical Moist Forest dataset are released, updated to reflect whether recent forest change shows temporary degradation or permanent deforestation.

This metric estimates the net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with cocoa-driven deforestation over a 15-year period expressed in tonnes of CO₂-equivalent, and embedded in cocoa trade. Net emissions are calculated as the difference between gross emissions from the loss of above- and below-ground biomass in undisturbed forests converted to cocoa plantations and carbon sequestration in cocoa and shade trees (Vervuurt et al., 2022), excluding soil carbon and forest degradation. To link emissions to cocoa exports, the metric applies a four-year lag between deforestation and the first cocoa harvest, and allocates impacts over a 15-year production period. Estimates are based on cocoa plantation maps (Kalischek et al., 2023) and tropical forest loss data from the EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021). Values for recent years may change in future dataset updates as recent forest disturbance is reclassified over time.

Côte d’Ivoire - Net emissions from cocoa deforestation

Net greenhouse gas emissions from annual cocoa deforestation were calculated as the difference between gross emissions from annual cocoa deforestation and sequestration in new cocoa plantations. To calculate above and belowground biomass loss, we overlapped the cocoa area map from (Kalischek et al., 2023) (representing cocoa plantations in 2019 to 2021) with the loss of undisturbed Tropical Moist Forests from the EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021).

This metric estimates the annual net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with cocoa-driven deforestation expressed in tonnes of CO₂-equivalent. Net emissions are calculated as the difference between gross emissions from the loss of above- and below-ground biomass in undisturbed forests converted to cocoa plantations and carbon sequestration in cocoa and shade trees (Vervuurt et al., 2022), excluding soil carbon and forest degradation. To link emissions to cocoa exports, the metric applies a four-year lag between deforestation and the first cocoa harvest. Estimates are based on cocoa plantation maps (Kalischek et al., 2023) and tropical forest loss data from the EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021). Values for recent years may change in future dataset updates as recent forest disturbance is reclassified over time.

Côte d’Ivoire - Net emissions from annual cocoa deforestation

Ghana - Cocoa deforestation embedded in trade

Estimated production of cocoa based on national production data, cocoa areas, and cocoa suitability. Cocoa areas are from (Kalischek et al., 2023), based on satellite observations from 2019 to 2021.

This metric represents the estimated volume of cocoa production per department in Côte d'Ivoire in tonnes (t) per year. Department level cocoa production was calculated based on national production statistics, derived from the International Cocoa Organization (ICCO, 2023) and allocated to the individual departments weighted based on the cocoa area (see above) and relative cocoa suitability (Schroth et al., 2016) of plantations (Kalischek et al., 2023). Note, only the total cocoa production from ICCO varied between 2019 to 2022, while cocoa area and suitability were assumed stable for the whole period.

Côte d’Ivoire - Production of cocoa

Average cocoa yield combining cocoa production (annual) and the cocoa area map from (Kalischek et al., 2023) (representing cocoa plantation in 2019 to 2021).

Cocoa yield per department was calculated based on cocoa area and cocoa production as tonnes produced per hectare (t/ha).

Côte d’Ivoire - Cocoa yield

Percentage of cocoa that is traded by traders with a zero deforestation commitment.

Zero-deforestation commitments (ZDCs) were obtained from Global Canopy's research determining whether an exporting company group has a commitment or goal for zero deforestation in its cocoa supply chain in the year of cocoa export. A commitment is accepted as zero deforestation if an exporter group explicitly uses the phrases 'zero deforestation', 'zero conversion' in its sustainability goals, current policies, or if they have a policy (or target) for 100% certification where the certification is equivalent to a zero-deforestation standard. \nCommitments are reported as 'company commitment' (if the specific company has a ZDC), 'none' (if the company does not have one), or 'unknown' (if the company's ZDC position was not checked).

Côte d’Ivoire - Percentage of (total) cocoa that is exported under a zero deforestation commitment

Deforestation of undisturbed Tropical Moist Forest derived from EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021). Note that values for the most recent 2 years may change in the future when new versions of the Tropical Moist Forest dataset are released, updated to reflect whether recent forest change shows temporary degradation or permanent deforestation.

Deforestation maps were derived from the European Commission's Joint Research Centre 's TMF dataset Version 1 from 2023 (Vancutsem et al., 2021) using 41 years of Landsat time series at 30 metre spatial resolution and aggregated at department level. Deforestation refers to the year of change in land cover, from undisturbed or degraded forest (see above) to non-forest (Vancutsem et al., 2021).

Côte d’Ivoire - Deforestation

GHG emissions from land converted to pulpwood plantations in a given year and concession, including both natural forest and non-forest areas. Calculated by multiplying the converted area by estimated carbon stocks per hectare, using above-ground biomass data (Harris et al., 2021) and applying root-to-shoot ratios from Spawn et al. (2020) to estimate below-ground biomass. Kabupaten and province-level values include areas both inside and outside concessions.

GHG emissions from industrial wood pulp land conversion (tonnes of CO₂-eq) were calculated by estimating all of the CO₂-eq potentially emitted due to annual land use change to pulpwood plantation, including both from natural forest and non-forest land cover. (as defined in Gaveau et al. (2022)), estimated within a given year and concession. This metric is calculated by multiplying the area converted each year to pulpwood plantation by an estimate of the carbon stock contained in each hectare of converted land independent of the fact whether than converted land was before forest or non-forest as we assumed that the carbon stock density map will account for the difference in carbon stocks between forest and non-forest.. Carbon stocks represent the total carbon stored in above- and below-ground biomass, but does not include carbon stocks in the soil. We create local estimates of above-ground woody biomass density (carbon stocks per hectare) using data from Harris  et al. (2021). Below-ground biomass density was estimated based on Harris et al. (2021)’s above-ground biomass density and the ratio of below-ground to above-ground biomass derived from Spawn et al. (2010). To convert biomass to carbon density, we used conversion factors of 0.47 t C t-1 for aboveground and 0.39 t C -1 for belowground, respectively (Diop et al., 2016). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq emissions by multiplying by a factor of 44/12 ( or 3.67), based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂ following IPCC (2014).

Indonesia - Gross land-use change emissions

Degradation of Tropical Moist Forest derived from EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021). Note that values for the most recent 2 years may change in the future when new versions of the Tropical Moist Forest dataset are released, updated to reflect whether recent forest change shows temporary degradation or permanent deforestation.

Maps of degraded forest were derived from the European Commission's Joint Research Centre's TMF dataset Version 1 from 2023  (Vancutsem et al., 2021) using 41 years of Landsat time series at 30 metre spatial resolution and aggregated at department level. Forest degradation was defined as a disturbance in the tree cover canopy  visible from space over a short time period (< 2.5 years). A 'forest degradation' pixel remains forested land; i.e.,  covered by existing or regrowing trees, whereas a 'deforestation' pixel leads to the long-term (visible > 2.5 years) conversion into non-forested land  (Vancutsem et al., 2021).

Côte d’Ivoire - Degradation

Area of undisturbed Tropical Moist Forest derived from EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021). Note that values for the most recent 2 years may change in the future when new versions of the Tropical Moist Forest dataset are released, updated to reflect whether recent forest change shows temporary degradation or permanent deforestation.

Undisturbed forest maps were derived from the European Commission's Joint Research Centre's forest cover change in tropical moist forests (TMF) dataset Version 1 from 2023 (Vancutsem et al., 2021) using 41 years of Landsat time series at 30 metre spatial resolution and aggregated at department level. Undisturbed forest was defined as a closed evergreen or semi-evergreen forest without any disturbance observed over the full Landsat historical dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021).

Côte d’Ivoire - Undisturbed forest

Area of mangrove forest cover in 2018 (Clark Labs aquaculture datasets 2020).

Ecuador - Mangrove forest

Area of mangrove forest expansion between 2014 and 2018 (Clark Labs aquaculture datasets 2020).

Ecuador - Mangrove expansion

Area of mangrove forest loss between 2014 and 2018 (Clark Labs aquaculture datasets 2020).

Ecuador - Mangrove loss

Area of mangrove forest in 2018 covered by mangrove partnership areas (Socio-Manglar) and Sustainable Use and Custody of Mangrove Agreements (AUSCM) (data from Clark Labs aquaculture datasets, 2020 and National System of Protected Areas – SNAP).

Ecuador - Area of mangrove under sustainable custody agreements

Area of mangrove forest converted to shrimp pond between 2014 and 2018 (Clark Labs aquaculture datasets 2020).

Ecuador - Shrimp pond mangrove deforestation

Area of mangrove forest regrowth between 2014 and 2018 in areas previously under shrimp production (Clark Labs aquaculture datasets 2020).

Ecuador - Shrimp pond mangrove regrowth

Area of aquaculture ponds for shrimp production (Aquaculture Subsecretariat).

Ecuador - Shrimp pond cover

Estimated shrimp production, based on pond area and export data (Aquaculture Subsecretariat).

Ecuador - Production of shrimp

Ghana - Gross greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation

Ghana - Annual embedded cocoa deforestation

This metric estimates the gross greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with cocoa-driven deforestation over a 15-year period expressed in tonnes of CO₂-equivalent, and embedded in cocoa trade. Emissions are calculated from the carbon stored in above- and below-ground biomass lost when undisturbed forest is deforested (excl. degradation) (Vancutsem et al., 2021) and converted to cocoa plantations (Kalischek et al., 2023), excluding soil carbon. To link emissions to cocoa exports, the metric applies a four-year lag between deforestation and the first cocoa harvest, reflecting the time required for cocoa trees to become productive, and allocates impacts over a 15-year production period. Carbon stock estimates are based on local biomass density data (Soto-Navarro et al., 2020) and converted to CO₂-equivalent using a factor of 3.67 (Pachauri et al., 2015). Estimates are based on cocoa plantation maps (Kalischek et al., 2023) and tropical forest loss data from the EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021). Values for recent years may change in future dataset updates as recent forest disturbance is reclassified over time.

Ghana - Gross emissions from cocoa deforestation

Ghana - Gross emissions from annual cocoa deforestation

Ghana - Net emissions from cocoa deforestation

Emissions attributable to soy deforestation per tonne of soy produced in a given jurisdiction. Estimated based on the balance between the carbon stored in the native vegetation and the soy fields in CO₂-eq.

Paraguay - Gross emissions from soy deforestation per tonne

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