Cattle deforestation exposure

Net emissions from cattle deforestation exposure

Gross emissions from cattle deforestation exposure

Pasture area

Trade value

Trade volume

Name of the country where the commodity was produced

Name of the biome according to the IBGE classification where the production municipality is located

State where the municipality of production is located

Unique ID for each state where the product was produced, formatted as 'BR-' followed by the national IBGE geocode

Name of the municipality where the commodity was produced

Unique ID for each municipality where the product was produced, formatted as 'BR-' followed by the national IBGE geocode

Name of the municipality where the slaughterhouse is located

Description of the type of product classified according to the HS Code

Company, including subsidiaries, responsible for exporting the product

Corporate group responsible for exporting the product

Indicates whether the processing company has deforestation commitments, including TAC and G4 agreements for slaughterhouses

The Forest 500 commodity score of the exporting company. The Forest 500 score ranks companies according to the strength of their sustainability commitments between 0 and 5

Company, including subsidiaries, responsible for importing the product

Corporate group responsible for importing the product

Country of product destination as recorded in trade data

Aggregation of countries according to relevant economic blocs; not all economic blocs are represented

Cattle deforestation exposure is the area of deforestation linked to the beef production in the selected supply chain. It is based on pasture deforestation, assumes a 5-year cattle lifecycle, and is allocated to actors using trade volumes from sourcing regions

Net CO₂-eq emissions from cattle deforestation, based on the biomass difference between native vegetation and pasture, assuming a 5-year cattle lifecycle from birth to slaughter.

Gross CO₂-eq emissions from cattle deforestation per ton of beef, assuming a 5-year cattle lifecycle from birth to slaughter. Estimates are based on the loss of native vegetation biomass (above- and below-ground, litter, and deadwood; excluding soil carbon), with carbon stocks converted to CO₂-eq by multiplying by 3.67.

Area of land being used as pasture. Based on exported volumes and pasture area per jurisdiction

Value of the traded product at point of export in US dollars based on customs and trade data in FOB (Freight on Board).

Volume of the traded commodity. The total value is the raw equivalent of the traded sub-products (for example, soy cake and soy oil are converted to soybean equivalent tonnes).

Country where the product was produced, described using the official ISO 2 code

Country of product destination, described using the official ISO 2 code

Brazil beef - Supply chain data

Osvaldo Pereira

Paula Bernasconi

Brazil is the world’s second-largest beef producer and the largest beef exporter. In 2023, it produced 12.9 million tonnes (Mt) of beef and accounted for about 

 to the country’s economy, responsible for 8.4% of gross domestic product and about 8.9 million jobs in 2024. Cattle are raised across all regions of Brazil, but slaughterhouse capacity and production are concentrated in the central-west and north of the country.

Cattle production is concentrated in the north and central-west regions of Brazil

Trase’s analysis shows that in 2023, 7.5 million hectares of pasture covered recently cleared land, up from 5.3 million hectares in 2020, an increase of over 36% in four years.

 Beef production rose 15% in the same period, roughly half the rate of increase in deforestation and conversion. Together, this implies higher deforestation intensity (hectares of deforestation per 1,000 tonnes of production) in 2023 than in 2020, especially in the Amazon. For example, in 2020, every 1,000 tonnes of cattle production in the Amazon was associated with 893 ha of deforestation. This figure increased to 1,300 ha in 2023, a 50% increase in deforestation intensity in less than 10 years.

Deforestation per tonne of cattle production has increased, especially in Brazil's Amazon region

A large proportion of pasture-driven deforestation and conversion took place in the Amazon. Between 2018–20 and 2021–23, average annual clearing in the biome rose by 54% (300,000 ha). Clearing in the Pantanal also increased, albeit from a lower base, while the Cerrado declined slightly. Since 2017, Brazil’s deforestation for cattle ranching has shifted markedly towards the Amazon (62% of the national share in 2023 versus 40% in 2017). Recent hotspots of deforestation cluster along the BR-163 and Trans-Amazonian highways (southwest Pará, northern Mato Grosso, Rondônia).

Most of the deforestation tends to be concentrated in a relatively small number of municipalities. Only 61 municipalities in Brazil accounted for 50% of deforestation for cattle pasture in 2023. Together these municipalities are responsible for only 11% of the cattle production in that year. Only four municipalities, namely Altamira (Pará), Porto Velho (Rondônia), São Félix do Xingu (Pará) and Lábrea (Amazonas), accounted for 12% of Brazil’s pasture deforestation and conversion in 2023. This suggests that focusing action on hotspots could significantly reduce deforestation and conversion while having relatively little impact on cattle production.

The Trase data used in this analysis covers the period 2020–2023. Satellite monitoring data for 2024 from Brazil’s National Institute for Space Research (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais) PRODES shows that 

 in the Amazon and 26% in the Cerrado. The reduction is attributed to measures to control forest loss by the federal government since 2023, in contrast to the previous administration's policy of weakening forest protection. These results will be captured in future updates of Trase data.

Hotspots of increasing deforestation linked to beef production in Brazil

Although about 70% of Brazilian beef is consumed domestically, the share for exports has grown over the past decade. China is the leading export market for Brazilian beef, accounting for 59% in 2023, followed by the United States (8%) and the European Union (5%). China is also the export market with the highest exposure to deforestation, increasing from 124,000 ha in 2015 to 564,000 ha in 2023.

US imports of Brazilian beef have increased steadily since 2019 due to increasing demand. Volumes rose from 74,500 (2015) to 264,000 tonnes (2023) and the associated deforestation exposure increased from 1,700 ha to 52,900 ha.

The EU’s share of beef exports from Brazil has fallen over recent years to 3% in 2023. Its average deforestation exposure in 2015–2023 was about 28,000 ha per year and a mean global share of 5%. In absolute terms, EU deforestation exposure was 25,000 ha in 2015 and 27,000 ha in 2023.

China's imports of Brazilian beef have the highest exposure to deforestation

The three largest traders, JBS, Marfrig and Minerva increased exports by around 43% in 2015–2023, while their combined deforestation exposure rose 44%. Together they account for 67% of exports in 2023 and 54% of deforestation and conversion exposure. According to their own reports, exports account for 24%, 39% and 57% of the beef sourced by 

, respectively. The remaining volume was consumed domestically. The results show that these three beef traders have considerable leverage over reducing deforestation associated with beef exports.

JBS’s share of total deforestation exposure fell from more than 37% in 2015 to 29% in 2023. Minerva’s share remained broadly stable over the period, while Marfrig’s increased from 10% to 12%. Although their collective share of exposure declined, the absolute exposure attributed to these traders still grew, reflecting the overall expansion of exports, especially to China.

JBS is the most exposed company to deforestation from its exports of Brazilian beef

Company commitments to zero deforestation and conversion (ZDCs)

ZDCs in the cattle sector comprise the Public Livestock Commitment agreed by the largest slaughterhouses operating in the Amazon, also known as the G4 agreement, and the Term of Adjustment of Conduct (TAC) for beef that covers other slaughterhouses in the Amazon. Under both agreements, slaughterhouses cannot purchase cattle from farms with deforestation in the Amazon after 2009. However, while the G4 agreement commits companies to preventing any deforestation, TAC only requires the prevention of illegal deforestation. There are also a growing number of individual corporate commitments covering the Cerrado and other Amazon states where TACs are not available, such as Maranhão and Tocantins.

From 2015 onward, the coverage of ZDCs expanded substantially. In 2015, most beef (70%; 1.42 Mt) was not produced and exported under any commitment, while TAC covered 25% (0.51 Mt) and G4 4% (0.09 Mt) of beef volumes. By 2023, the opposite was true: about 70% of beef was covered by ZDCs with company commitments increasing to 40% (1.26 Mt) and TAC to 29% (0.91 Mt).

Zero-deforestation commitments have increased to cover most exports of Brazilian beef

Gross emissions of greenhouse gas linked to exports of Brazilian beef have grown over the last decade from 168 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2015 to 380 Mt CO₂-eq in 2023 – an increase of about 46%.

Most emissions come from deforestation and conversion in the Amazon. In 2023, it accounted for 73% of the pasture-related deforestation in Brazil (138 Mt CO₂-eq), while the Cerrado contributed 22% (41 Mt CO₂-eq) and the Pantanal 3.6% (6.7 Mt CO₂e). Emissions from the Cerrado remained broadly stable over 2015–2023, while emissions from the Pantanal roughly doubled from a small base in 2015 (2.8 Mt CO₂-eq).

The three largest beef traders, JBS, Marfrig and Minerva, have the largest emissions exposure. Together they account for 52% of emissions in 2023 (JBS 28%, Minerva 13%, Marfrig 11%). The trends vary over time: JBS’s emissions are about 10% lower over 2015–2023, Minerva is down 13%, while Marfrig is stable at 10% over the years. Although the combined share of the big three remains substantial, these shifts suggest part of the emissions growth since 2015 has been accounted for by other exporters. Most new contributors are in the state of Pará, where traders such as Mercurio Alimentos and Frigol together accounted for 12% of the exported attributed emissions in 2023, compared with only 6% in 2015.

JBS, Minerva and Marfrig account for the largest share of greenhouse gas emissions from trading Brazilian beef

The authors thank the researchers and data scientists who have contributed to this analysis: Harry Biddle, Florian Gollnow, Nicolás Martín, Carina Mueller and Jailson Soares.

Explore and download the Brazilian beef data at 

To reference the dataset, please use the citation: zu Ermgassen, E. K. H. J., Suavet, C., Biddle, H., Su, N., Prada Moro, Y., Ribeiro, V., Carvalho, T., & Lathuilliere, M. (2025). Brazil beef supply chain 2010–2017 and 2019–2023 (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Trase. 

A detailed explanation of Trase’s methodology is available at: Trase. (2025). SEI-PCS Brazil beef v2.2 supply chain map: Data sources and methods. Trase. 

To reference this article, please use the citation: Pereira, O., & Bernasconi, P. (2025). Brazilian beef exports and deforestation. Trase. 

Brazil beefExports and deforestation