Palm oil

Wood pulp

Indonesia

The total area deforested for industrial oil palm plantations in hectares in the selected year

Indonesia - Annual palm deforestation (industrial)

This metric represents the total deforestation of forests occurring in a single year (Gaveau et al., 2022; The TreeMap, 2025). To calculate territorial deforestation, Gaveau et al. (2022) combine primary forest in  2000 as identified by Margono et al. (2014) and the global forest change  data developed at the University of Maryland (Hansen et al., 2013). Excluding forest losses outside primary forest in 2000 (Margono et al. 2014), ensure that the deforestation reported measures forest area change rather than changes in planted trees 

Indonesia - Deforestation

Total area of natural forest converted to pulpwood plantations within the boundaries of a wood supplier’s concession in the selected year, following the definition of the TreeMap’s Nusantara Atlas (Gaveau et al., 2022). 

This metric represents total deforestation for conversion to pulpwood plantations in a single year, per concession. A subset of the annual deforestation metric, it is restricted to only those areas identified as natural forest one year before the target year and consistent with patterns of expansion of pulpwood plantations in the target year, according to the classification of Gaveau et al. (2022). 

Indonesia - Deforestation for planted pulpwood

Annual greenhouse gas emissions from peat subsidence linked to palm oil production. The emissions are calculated based on the area of palm oil plantations on peat multiplied by an emission factor of 90 t CO₂-eq./ha following Cooper et al. (2020)

Indonesia - Emissions from peat subsidence

Gross greenhouse gas emissions from territorial deforestation. Estimates are based on the total biomass removal stored in above- and below-ground biomass in forests (excl. soil carbon). CO₂-eq were derived by multiplying carbon stocks by 3.67.

Gross greenhouse gas emissions from territorial deforestation (tonnes of CO2-eq) were calculated by estimating the maximum CO2-eq potentially emitted due to the full removal of the biomass as a result of territorial deforestation. This metric is calculated by multiplying territorial deforestation by the estimated carbon stock per hectare of converted land. Carbon stocks include above and below-ground biomass, excluding soil biomass. We derived local above-ground woody biomass density (carbon stocks per hectare) from Harris et al. (2021). We estimated below-ground biomass density from the above-ground biomass based on the ratio of below-ground to above-ground biomass derived from Spawn et al. (2010). We converted biomass to carbon using conversion factors of 0.47 t C t-1 for above-ground and 0.39 t C t-1 for below-ground, respectively (Diop et al., 2016). Finally, we converted carbon to CO2-eq emissions by multiplying the carbon estimates by a factor of 44/12 (or 3.67), based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂ following IPCC (2014).

Indonesia - Gross emissions from deforestation

Gross greenhouse gas emissions from annual oil palm deforestation and non-forest land conversions (industrial). Estimates are based on the total biomass removal stored in above- and below-ground biomass in forest and non-forest land covers (excl. soil carbon). CO₂-eq were derived by multiplying carbon stocks by 3.67.

Indonesia - Gross emissions from land-use change

Area of remaining natural forest, following the definition of The TreeMap’s Nusantara Atlas (Gaveau et al., 2021).

Natural forest area is the total area of remaining forest derived from Gaveau et al.(2022). Gaveau et al. (2022) combine primary forest cover in 2000 (Margono et al., 2014), and the global forest change data developed at the University of Maryland (Hansen et al., 2013). This definition of ‘forest’ excludes young regenerating forests, agroforests, scrublands, tree plantations, agricultural lands, grasslands, and non-vegetated areas (Gaveau et al., 2022). 

Indonesia - Natural forest

Net greenhouse gas emissions from annual oil palm deforestation and non-forest conversion (industrial) were calculated as the difference between gross emissions from oil palm land-use change and sequestration in new oil palm plantations.

Indonesia - Net emissions from land-use change

Extent of oil palm as detected by remote sensing analysis.

Indonesia - Oil palm planted area

Area of peatland of all depths planted with oil palm.

Indonesia - Oil palm planted on peat

Estimated area of deforestation for wood pulp that occurred on peatlands within the boundaries of a wood supplier’s concession in the selected year.

This metric represents total deforestation for conversion to pulpwood plantations in a single year, per concession occurring on peatlands (Ministry of Agriculture, 2019). 

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