Indonesia - Gross emissions from land-use change
Years available: 2001-2024
Data last updated: 27 Oct 2025
Gross greenhouse gas emissions from industrial palm oil conversion (tonnes of CO2-eq) were calculated within a given year by estimating all of the CO2-eq potentially emitted due to annual oil palm land use change, including both from natural forest and non-forest land covers (as defined in Gaveau et al. (2022). This metric is calculated by multiplying the area converted each year to palm oil by an estimate of the carbon stock (above and below ground, excluding soil carbon stocks) contained in each hectare of converted land. Above-ground woody biomass density (carbon stocks per hectare) was derived from Harris et al. (2021). Below-ground biomass density was estimated based on Harris et al.’s above-ground biomass density and the ratio of below-ground to above-ground biomass derived from Spawn et al. (2020). To convert biomass to carbon density, we used conversion factors of 0.47 t C t-1 for aboveground and 0.39 t C-1 for belowground, respectively (Diop et al., 2016). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq emissions by multiplying by a factor of 44/12 (or 3.67), based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂ following IPCC (2014).
- Nusantara Atlas (Gaveau et al., 2022; The TreeMap, 2025); Aboveground live woody biomass density (Harris et al., 2021);Global maps of above and belowground biomass carbon density in 2010 (Spawn et al., 2020)
- Diop, S., Scheren, P., & Machiwa, J. F. (2016). Estuaries: A Lifeline of Ecosystem Services in the Western Indian Ocean. Springer.
- Gaveau, D. L. A., Locatelli, B., Salim, M. A., Husnayaen, Manurung, T., Descals, A., Angelsen, A., Meijaard, E., & Sheil, D. (2022). Slowing deforestation in Indonesia follows declining oil palm expansion and lower oil prices. PLOS ONE, 17(3), e0266178. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266178
- Harris, N. L., Gibbs, D. A., Baccini, A., Birdsey, R. A., De Bruin, S., Farina, M., Fatoyinbo, L., Hansen, M. C., Herold, M., Houghton, R. A., Potapov, P. V., Suarez, D. R., Roman-Cuesta, R. M., Saatchi, S. S., Slay, C. M., Turubanova, S. A., & Tyukavina, A. (2021). Global maps of twenty-first century forest carbon fluxes. Nature Climate Change, 11(3), 234–240. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-00976-6
- Spawn, S. A., Sullivan, C. C., Lark, T. J., & Gibbs, H. K. (2020). Harmonized global maps of above and belowground biomass carbon density in the year 2010. Scientific Data, 7(1), 112. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0444-4
- Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands, Hiraishi, T., Krug, T., Tanabe, K., Srivastava, N., Baasansuren, J., Fukuda, M. dan Troxler, T.G. (eds). (2014). IPCC. https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/wetlands/index.html
- The TreeMap. (2025). Nusantara Atlas [Dataset]. https://nusantara-atlas.org
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