Indonesia - Gross emissions from territorial deforestation
Years available: 2001-2025
Data last updated: 9 Oct 2026
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Gross greenhouse gas emissions from territorial deforestation (tonnes of CO2-eq) were calculated by estimating the maximum CO2-eq potentially emitted due to the full removal of the biomass as a result of territorial deforestation (Gaveau et al., 2022; The TreeMap, 2026). This metric is calculated by multiplying territorial deforestation by the estimated carbon stock per hectare of converted land. Carbon stocks include above and below-ground biomass, excluding soil biomass. We derived local above-ground woody biomass density (carbon stocks per hectare) from Harris et al. (2021). We estimated below-ground biomass density from the above-ground biomass based on the ratio of below-ground to above-ground biomass derived from Spawn et al. (2020). We converted biomass to carbon using conversion factors of 0.47 t C t-1 for above-ground and 0.39 t C t-1 for below-ground, respectively (Diop, Scheren and Machiwa, 2016). Finally, we converted carbon to CO2-eq emissions by multiplying the carbon estimates by a factor of 44/12 (or 3.67), based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂ following IPCC (2014).
- Nusantara Atlas (Gaveau et al., 2022; The TreeMap, 2026); Aboveground live woody biomass density (Harris et al., 2021); Global maps of above and belowground biomass carbon density in 2010 (Spawn et al., 2020)
- Diop, S., Scheren, P. and Machiwa, J.F. (2016) Estuaries: A Lifeline of Ecosystem Services in the Western Indian Ocean. Springer.
- Gaveau, D.L.A. et al. (2022) ‘Slowing deforestation in Indonesia follows declining oil palm expansion and lower oil prices’, PLOS ONE. Edited by R. Zang, 17(3), p. e0266178. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266178.
- Harris, N.L. et al. (2021) ‘Global maps of twenty-first century forest carbon fluxes’, Nature Climate Change, 11(3), pp. 234–240. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-00976-6.
- Spawn, S.A. et al. (2020) ‘Harmonized global maps of above and belowground biomass carbon density in the year 2010’, Scientific Data, 7(1), p. 112. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0444-4.
- The TreeMap (2026) ‘Indonesia Forest cover 2026 and Forest loss (2001-2025)’. Available at: https://thetreemap.com/; https://nusantara-atlas.org.
To cite this dataset, use the following:
Chandra, A., Benedict, J., Kamaluddin, A., Putri, S. M., Suavet, C., Gollnow, F., Biddle, H., Mueller, C., Ribeiro, V., & Heilmayr, R. (2026). Indonesia palm oil supply chain: Data and Methods (2018–2024) (Version 1.2.5) [Dataset]. Trase. https://doi.org/10.48650/0717-AJ12
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