Gross emissions attributable to deforestation. Estimates are based on the total biomass removal stored in the native vegetation. The numbers are subsequently transformed in CO₂-eq by multiplying carbon stock per 3.67.

Argentina - Emissions from deforestation

Argentina - Human development index

Gross emissions attributable to soy deforestation. Estimates are based on the total biomass removal stored in the native vegetation. The numbers are subsequently transformed in CO₂-eq by multiplying carbon stock per 3.67.

Argentina - Gross emissions from soy deforestation

Volume of soy produced per jurisdiction that was certified according to the Round Table on Responsible Soy (RTRS) Standard for Responsible Soy Production. No conversion of natural vegetation is permitted after June 2016 under the RTRS Principles and Criteria.

Argentina - Round Table on Responsible Soy

The soy area in the target year that overlaps with deforestation in the five years prior to soy detection.

Argentina - Soy deforestation

Argentina - Production of soy

Percentage of the soy that is exported by a trader with a zero deforestation commitment.

Argentina - Soy traded under zero deforestation commitments

Total deforestation per jurisdiction for a given year.

Argentina - Deforestation

Gross emissions attributable to soy deforestation. Estimates are based on the total removal of the biomass stored in the native vegetation. The numbers are subsequently transformed in CO₂-eq by multiplying carbon stock per 3.67.

Bolivia - Gross emissions from soy deforestation

The soy area in a given year that overlaps with deforestation in the five years before soy detection.

Bolivia - Soy deforestation

Production of soy per jurisdiction for a given year.

Bolivia - Production of soy

Bolivia - Deforestation

Cattle deforestation is the amount of deforestation associated with the production of beef for a given year. Cattle deforestation builds on pasture deforestation and assumes a 5 year life cycle from birth to slaughter, accounting for the average pasture deforestation during the 5 year lifespan.

Cattle deforestation estimates the amount of deforestation associated with the production of beef for a given year. Cattle deforestation combines the area deforested for pastures and cattle production, assuming a 5 year life cycle from birth to slaughter, accounting for the average pasture deforestation during the 5 year lifespan.

Brazil - Cattle deforestation

Cattle deforestation per ton is the pasture deforestation associated with the full production life-cycle of beef for a given year, expressed in hectares deforested per ton of carcass. We assume a 5 year life cycle from birth to slaughter accounting for average production and pasture deforestation during the life cycle.

Cattle deforestation per ton estimates the amount of deforestation associated with the production of beef for a given year, expressed in hectares deforested per ton of carcass. Cattle assumes a 5 year life cycle from birth to slaughter accounting for the average production and pasture deforestation during the life cycle.

Brazil - Cattle deforestation per ton

Estimated cattle production in tonnes of carcass.

Cattle production (ton carcass) per municipality, per year, is calculated as: herd size (per muni/yr) * slaughter rate (per state/yr) * carcass weight (per state/yr). Herd size is derived from IBGE cattle heads (IBGE, 2025), slaughter rate: extrapolates Annualpec slaughter data (IEG & FNP, 2019), based on IBGE slaughter data and corrected for SIGSIF animal movements (MAPA, 2019). Carcass weight is derived from IBGE carcass weights (IBGE, 2025)

Brazil - Cattle production

Average robusta coffee yield per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Robusta coffee yield

Production of the first crop of corn per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Production of corn (first crop)

Gross CO₂-eq emissions from cattle deforestation (using a 5-year allocation period), estimate emission from the loss of the native vegetation biomass (above- and below-ground, litter, and deadwood; excluding soil carbon).

Gross greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from cattle deforestation, expressed in tonnes of CO₂-equivalent (t CO₂-eq), are determined by calculating the emissions resulting from the removal of native vegetation carbon stocks. Carbon stocks include the above and below ground biomass including necromass. The carbon stocks are based on the values provided by SEEG v12 (SEEG, 2024). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq by multiplying the values by 3.67, based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂.

Brazil - Gross emissions from cattle deforestation

Gross CO₂-eq emissions from cattle deforestation per ton of beef, assuming a 5-year cattle lifecycle from birth to slaughter. Estimates are based on the loss of native vegetation biomass (above- and below-ground, litter, and deadwood; excluding soil carbon), with carbon stocks converted to CO₂-eq by multiplying by 3.67.

Brazil - Gross emissions from cattle deforestation per ton

Gross CO₂-eq emissions from pasture deforestation (using a 5-year allocation period), estimate emissions from the loss of the native vegetation biomass (above- and below-ground, litter, and deadwood; excluding soil carbon).

Gross greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from pasture deforestation, expressed in tonnes of CO₂-equivalent (t CO₂-eq), are determined by calculating the emissions resulting from the removal (land conversion) of native vegetation carbon stocks. Carbon stocks include the above and below ground biomass including necromass. The carbon stocks are based on the values provided by SEEG v12 (SEEG, 2024). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq by multiplying the values by 3.67, based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂.

Brazil - Gross emissions from pasture deforestation

Net CO₂-eq emissions attributable to cattle deforestation (using a 5-year allocation period). Estimates are based on the difference between the biomass stored in the native vegetation biomass (above- and below-ground, litter, and deadwood; excluding soil carbon).

Net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from cattle deforestation, expressed in tonnes of CO₂-equivalent (t CO₂-eq), are estimated based on the difference between the biomass stored in the native vegetation biomass before land conversion and the carbon stored in pastures. Carbon stocks include above and below ground biomass including necromass. Both the native vegetation and the pasture carbon stocks are based on estimates provided by SEEG v12 (SEEG, 2024). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq by multiplying the values by 3.67, based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂.

Brazil - Net emissions from cattle deforestation

Net CO₂-eq emissions from cattle deforestation per ton of beef, based on the biomass difference between native vegetation and pasture, assuming a 5-year cattle lifecycle from birth to slaughter.

Brazil - Net emissions from cattle deforestation per ton

Net CO₂-eq emissions attributable to pasture deforestation (using a 5-year allocation period). Estimates are based on the difference between the biomass stored in the native vegetation biomass (above- and below-ground, litter, and deadwood; excluding soil carbon).

Net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from pasture deforestation, expressed in tonnes of CO₂-equivalent (t CO₂-eq), are determined by calculating the emissions resulting from the removal of native vegetation carbon stocks, due to deforestation for pasture, and the carbon stored in pasture. Carbon stocks include above and below ground biomass including necromass. Both the native vegetation and the pasture carbon stocks are based on estimates provided by SEEG v12 (SEEG, 2024). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq by multiplying the values by 3.67, based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂.

Brazil - Net emissions from pasture deforestation

Average municipal corn yield per jurisdiction in a given year, only the first crop harvest.

Brazil - Corn yield (first crop)

Production of the second crop of corn per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Production of corn (second crop)

Average municipal corn yield per jurisdiction in a given year, only the second crop harvest.

Brazil - Corn yield (second crop)

Total production of corn per jurisdiction in a given year (first and second crop).

Brazil - Production of corn

Average municipal corn yield per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Corn yield

Brazil palm oil - Supply chain data

Pasture deforestation is the amount of deforestation across a five-year allocation period that is converted to pasture. To calculate it, we overlapped the annual pasture maps from MapBiomas with the annual territorial deforestation five years prior to the target year for pasture, including the year the pasture was detected.

Pasture deforestation is quantified as the total area of deforestation converted to pasture within a five-year allocation period. We calculate this by spatially overlapping annual pasture maps from MapBiomas with annual territorial deforestation data. This analysis identifies all deforestation that occurred within the five years prior to, and including, the year pasture was detected, yielding a cumulative estimate of deforestation linked to pasture land use. The territorial deforestation data is a composite dataset, integrating information from Prodes Amazon (INPE, 2025), Prodes Cerrado (INPE, 2025), and MapBiomas deforestation (MapBiomas, 2025; Souza et al., 2020) data for all other biomes.

Brazil - Pasture deforestation

Area of pasture derived from Mapbiomas collection 10 (MapBiomas, 2025)

Brazil - Pasture area

Percent export traded under a Company Zero Deforestation Commitment (ZDC) or the G4 (Compromisso Público da Pecuária – CPP) commitment.

Percent beef export volume traded under a Company Zero Deforestation Commitment (ZDC) (Global Canopy, 2025; Thomsen, 2025), G4 (Compromisso Público da Pecuária – CPP) (Greenpeace, 2009). NA for areas where no beef is exported from. ZDCs are assessed by Global Canopy following the Forest 500 guidance for those companies handling together 90% of total beef exports.

Brazil - Beef exported under a ZDC

Percent production under a Company Zero Deforestation Commitment (ZDC) or the G4 (Compromisso Público da Pecuária – CPP) commitment. Note, trader commitments within the domestic supply-chain are not assessed here.

Percent production volume (incl. exports and domestic) traded under a Company Zero Deforestation Commitment (ZDC) (Global Canopy, 2025; Thomsen, 2025), G4 (Compromisso Público da Pecuária – CPP) (Greenpeace, 2009). ZDCs are assessed by Global Canopy following the Forest 500 guidance for those companies handling together 90% of total beef exports.

Brazil - Beef produced under a ZDC

Number of chickens (heads) slaughtered per jurisdiction of origin.

Brazil - Chickens slaughtered

Gross CO₂-eq emissions from territorial deforestation, estimated from the loss of native vegetation biomass (above- and below-ground, litter, and deadwood, excluding soil carbon). Carbon stocks were converted to CO₂-eq by multiplying by 3.67.

Brazil - Gross greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation

Production of cocoa per jurisdiction for a given year.

Brazil - Production of cocoa

Average cocoa yield per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Cocoa yield

Production of arabica coffee per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Production of arabica coffee

Average arabica coffee yield per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Arabica coffee yield

Production of coffee per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Production of coffee

Average coffee yield per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Coffee yield

Production of robusta coffee per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Production of robusta coffee

Total production of cotton per jurisdiction in a given year(first and second crop).

Brazil - Production of cotton

Average cotton yield per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Cotton yield

Number of pigs slaughtered per jurisdiction of origin in a given year.

Brazil - Pigs slaughtered

Gross emissions attributable to soy deforestation. Estimates are based on the total removal of the biomass stored in the native vegetation. The numbers are subsequently transformed to CO₂-eq by multiplying carbon stock by 3.67.

Brazil - Gross emissions from soy deforestation

Gross emissions attributable to soy deforestation per tonne of soy produced in a given jurisdiction. Estimates are based on the total removal of the biomass stored in the native vegetation. The numbers are subsequently transformed to CO₂-eq by multiplying carbon stock by 3.67.

Brazil - Gross emissions from soy deforestation per tonne

Net emissions attributable to soy deforestation. Estimates are based on the difference between the carbon removed from the native vegetation and stored in the soy plantations. The numbers are subsequently transformed to CO₂-eq by multiplying carbon stock by 3.67.

Brazil - Net emissions from soy deforestation

Emissions attributable to soy deforestation per tonne of soy produced in a given jurisdiction. Estimates are based on the difference between the carbon removed from the native vegetation and stored in the soy plantations.

Brazil - Net emissions from soy deforestation per tonne

Brazil - Round Table on Responsible Soy

Area of soy harvested per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Soy area

The soy area in the target year that overlaps with deforestation (defined as the conversion of primary native vegetation) five years before soy detection.

Brazil - Soy deforestation

Soy deforestation per tonne of soy produced in a given jurisdiction.

Brazil - Soy deforestation per tonne

Production of soy per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Soy production

Average soy yield per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Soy yield

Brazil - Soy exported under a ZDC

Total deforestation, defined as the conversion of primary native vegetation.

Brazil - Deforestation

Colombia - Production of coffee

Colombia - Coffee yield

Forest at risk of coffee expansion due to climate change in 2050 in hectares. Based on 2015 analysis.

Colombia - Forest at risk of coffee expansion by 2050 due to climate change

Colombia - GDP per capita

Multidimensional poverty index averaged for the jurisdiction. MPI identifies household and individual levels of health, education, and standard of living, 2010. Higher percentages indicate a higher level of multidimensional poverty.

Colombia - Multidimensional poverty index

Colombia - Deforestation

Department Water Shortage Vulnerability Index. IDEAM (Instituto de Hidrologia, Meteorologia y Estudios Ambientales, 2014).

Colombia - Water shortage vulnerability

Brazil pork - Supply chain data

Gross CO₂-eq. emissions from deforestation, estimated from the loss of above- and below-ground biomass (excluding soil carbon) from the EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021). Carbon stocks were converted to CO₂-eq. by multiplying by 3.67. Note that values for the most recent 2 years may change in the future when new versions of the Tropical Moist Forest dataset are released, updated to reflect whether recent forest change shows temporary degradation or permanent deforestation.

Gross (greenhouse gas) emissions from territorial deforestation (tonnes of CO2-eq) were calculated by estimating the maximum CO2-eq potentially emitted due to the full removal of the biomass as a result of territorial deforestation, estimated in a given year. This metric is calculated by multiplying the area of territorial deforestation by an estimate of the carbon stock contained in each hectare of converted land. Carbon stocks represent the total carbon stored in above- and below-ground biomass, but does not include carbon stocks in the soil. We create local estimates of biomass density (carbon stocks per hectare) using data from (Soto-Navarro et al., 2020). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq emissions by multiplying by a factor of 44/12 ( or 3.67), based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂ following (Pachauri et al., 2015).

Côte d’Ivoire - Gross greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation

Area of land used to grow cocoa from (Kalischek et al., 2023), based on satellite observations from 2019 to 2021.

This metric represents the area of cocoa plantations in hectares (ha) for the years 2019–2021 per department in Côte d'Ivoire based on cocoa farming maps at 10 metre resolution. Cocoa maps were obtained from (Kalischek et al., 2023) and  based on Sentinel-2 images taken between January 2019 and December 2021. Because this dataset was based on images taken in a three year time span, Trase distributes the same cocoa area in all years, from 2019 to 2021.

Côte d’Ivoire - Cocoa area

Cocoa deforestation is the amount of deforestation within a 15-year allocation period that is converted to cocoa plantations. To calculate it, we overlapped the cocoa area map from (Kalischek et al., 2023) (representing cocoa plantations in 2019 to 2021) with the annual loss of undisturbed Tropical Moist Forests from the EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021), applying a four-year lag between deforestation and first potential harvest to reflect the time from planting to harvest. Note that this does not account for cocoa expansion after 2021, and values for the most recent 2 years may change in the future when new versions of the Tropical Moist Forest dataset are released, updated to reflect whether recent forest change shows temporary degradation or permanent deforestation.

This metric estimates how much deforestation is associated with the cocoa exports in the selected year and department. Here, deforestation was defined as the conversion from undisturbed forest to non-forest (Renier et al., 2023; Vancutsem et al., 2021). To estimate the deforestation associated with the cocoa exports in a specific year,  we used a) a four-year lag between cocoa planting and the first harvest (the first year of potential cocoa exports), and b) aggregated deforestation at the location of cocoa production across 15 years. By setting these parameters we are assuming that the plantations will be ready for harvesting, and consequently starting to contribute to the volume traded, in the fourth year after the deforestation event. For example, cocoa exported in 2021 was planted in 2017 or earlier. We calculate cocoa deforestation in 2021 (Vancutsem et al., 2021) as the sum of deforestation defined by the area converted from undisturbed forest in 2002 to non-forest in 2017 at the location of the cocoa plantation (Kalischek et al., 2023).

Côte d’Ivoire - Cocoa deforestation

Annual deforestation for cocoa shows the total area deforested that will be subsequently converted to cocoa plantations.

Annual deforestation for cocoa is a subset of the territorial deforestation, and shows the total area deforested in the target year that will be subsequently converted to cocoa plantations. This metric was calculated based on deforestation as detected by (Vancutsem et al., 2021) and cocoa plantations as detected by (Kalischek et al., 2023).

Côte d’Ivoire - Annual cocoa deforestation

Ghana - Cocoa area

Gross CO₂-equivalent emissions from cocoa deforestation (15-year allocation period, 4-year lag), estimated from the loss of above- and below-ground biomass (excluding soil carbon). Carbon stocks were converted to CO₂-equivalent by multiplying by 3.67. To calculate above and belowground biomass loss, we overlapped the cocoa area map from (Kalischek et al., 2023) (representing cocoa plantations in 2019 to 2021) with the loss of undisturbed Tropical Moist Forests from the EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021), applying a four-year lag between deforestation and first potential harvest to reflect the time from planting to harvest. Note that values for the most recent 2 years may change in the future when new versions of the Tropical Moist Forest dataset are released, updated to reflect whether recent forest change shows temporary degradation or permanent deforestation.

GHG emissions from cocoa deforestation (tonnes of CO₂-eq) were calculated within a given year and department by estimating all of the CO₂-eq. potentially emitted due to cocoa deforestation. Here, deforestation was defined as the conversion from undisturbed forest to deforested land (Vancutsem et al., 2021) within the period starting 19 years and ending 4 years before the detection of cocoa plantation by (Kalischek et al., 2023). This metric is calculated by multiplying the deforested area by an estimate of the carbon stock contained in each hectare of deforested land. Carbon stocks represent the total carbon stored in above- and below-ground biomass, but does not include carbon stocks in the soil. We create local estimates of biomass density (carbon stocks per hectare) using data from (Soto-Navarro et al., 2020). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq emissions by multiplying by a factor of 44/12 ( or 3.67), based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂ following (Pachauri et al., 2015).

Côte d’Ivoire - Gross emissions from cocoa deforestation

Gross CO₂-equivalent emissions from annual cocoa deforestation estimated from the loss of above- and below-ground biomass (excluding soil carbon). Carbon stocks were converted to CO₂-equivalent by multiplying by 3.67. To calculate above and belowground biomass loss, we overlapped the cocoa area map from (Kalischek et al., 2023) (representing cocoa plantations in 2019 to 2021) with the annual loss of undisturbed Tropical Moist Forests from the EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021).

GHG emissions from annual deforestation for cocoa (tonnes of CO₂-eq) were calculated within a given year and department by estimating all of the CO₂-eq. potentially emitted due to annual deforestation for cocoa. Here, deforestation was defined as the conversion within one year from undisturbed forest to deforested land as defined by (Vancutsem et al., 2021) and detected as cocoa plantation by (Kalischek et al., 2023) . This metric is calculated by multiplying the deforested area by an estimate of the carbon stock contained in each hectare of deforested land. Carbon stocks represent the total carbon stored in above- and below-ground biomass, but does not include carbon stocks in the soil. We create local estimates of biomass density (carbon stocks per hectare) using data from (Soto-Navarro et al., 2020). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq emissions by multiplying by a factor of 44/12 ( or 3.67), based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂ following (Pachauri et al., 2015).

Côte d’Ivoire - Gross emissions from annual cocoa deforestation

Net greenhouse gas emissions from cocoa deforestation (15-year allocation period, 4-year lag), were calculated as the difference between gross emissions from cocoa deforestation and sequestration in new cocoa plantations. To calculate above and belowground biomass loss, we overlapped the cocoa area map from (Kalischek et al., 2023) (representing cocoa plantations in 2019 to 2021) with the loss of undisturbed Tropical Moist Forests from the EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021), applying a four-year lag between deforestation and first potential harvest to reflect the time from planting to harvest. Note that values for the most recent 2 years may change in the future when new versions of the Tropical Moist Forest dataset are released, updated to reflect whether recent forest change shows temporary degradation or permanent deforestation.

We calculate net greenhouse gas emissions from annual deforestation as the difference between gross greenhouse gas emissions from cocoa deforestation and carbon sequestration in cocoa plantations. To account for carbon sequestration, we adopted estimates from (Vervuurt et al., 2022) for Cote d'Ivoire of 19 t C ha-1 in cocoa trees and 4 t C ha-1 in shade trees.

Côte d’Ivoire - Net emissions from cocoa deforestation

Net greenhouse gas emissions from annual cocoa deforestation were calculated as the difference between gross emissions from annual cocoa deforestation and sequestration in new cocoa plantations. To calculate above and belowground biomass loss, we overlapped the cocoa area map from (Kalischek et al., 2023) (representing cocoa plantations in 2019 to 2021) with the loss of undisturbed Tropical Moist Forests from the EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021).

We calculate net greenhouse gas emissions from annual deforestation for cocoa as the difference between gross emissions from annual deforestation for cocoa and carbon sequestration in cocoa plantations. To account for carbon sequestration, we adopted estimates from (Vervuurt et al., 2022) for Cote d'Ivoire of 19 t C ha-1 in cocoa trees and 4 t C ha-1 in shade trees.

Côte d’Ivoire - Net emissions from annual cocoa deforestation

Ghana - Cocoa deforestation embedded in trade

Estimated production of cocoa based on national production data, cocoa areas, and cocoa suitability. Cocoa areas are from (Kalischek et al., 2023), based on satellite observations from 2019 to 2021.

This metric represents the estimated volume of cocoa production per department in Côte d'Ivoire in tonnes (t) per year. Department level cocoa production was calculated based on national production statistics, derived from the International Cocoa Organization (ICCO, 2023) and allocated to the individual departments weighted based on the cocoa area (see above) and relative cocoa suitability (Schroth et al., 2016) of plantations (Kalischek et al., 2023). Note, only the total cocoa production from ICCO varied between 2019 to 2022, while cocoa area and suitability were assumed stable for the whole period.

Côte d’Ivoire - Production of cocoa

Average cocoa yield combining cocoa production (annual) and the cocoa area map from (Kalischek et al., 2023) (representing cocoa plantation in 2019 to 2021).

Cocoa yield per department was calculated based on cocoa area and cocoa production as tonnes produced per hectare (t/ha).

Côte d’Ivoire - Cocoa yield

Percentage of cocoa that is traded by traders with a zero deforestation commitment.

Zero-deforestation commitments (ZDCs) were obtained from Global Canopy's research determining whether an exporting company group has a commitment or goal for zero deforestation in its cocoa supply chain in the year of cocoa export. A commitment is accepted as zero deforestation if an exporter group explicitly uses the phrases 'zero deforestation', 'zero conversion' in its sustainability goals, current policies, or if they have a policy (or target) for 100% certification where the certification is equivalent to a zero-deforestation standard. \nCommitments are reported as 'company commitment' (if the specific company has a ZDC), 'none' (if the company does not have one), or 'unknown' (if the company's ZDC position was not checked).

Côte d’Ivoire - Percentage of (total) cocoa that is exported under a zero deforestation commitment

Deforestation of undisturbed Tropical Moist Forest derived from EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021). Note that values for the most recent 2 years may change in the future when new versions of the Tropical Moist Forest dataset are released, updated to reflect whether recent forest change shows temporary degradation or permanent deforestation.

Deforestation maps were derived from the European Commission's Joint Research Centre 's TMF dataset Version 1 from 2023 (Vancutsem et al., 2021) using 41 years of Landsat time series at 30 metre spatial resolution and aggregated at department level. Deforestation refers to the year of change in land cover, from undisturbed or degraded forest (see above) to non-forest (Vancutsem et al., 2021).

Côte d’Ivoire - Deforestation

Total annual greenhouse gas emissions from peatland subsidence, peat burning, and land use change associated with palm oil production, accounting for the carbon sequestration of the new oil palm plantations.

This metric estimates the major sources of GHG emissions from palm oil plantations in Indonesia: subsidence on drained peatlands, fire on peatlands, and land use change, i.e., the clearing of vegetation (forest and non-forest) to establish oil palm plantations. The GHG sequestration from new plantations was also estimated and incorporated into the net GHG emissions reported by Trase.

Indonesia - Total emissions from oil palm plantations

Degradation of Tropical Moist Forest derived from EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021). Note that values for the most recent 2 years may change in the future when new versions of the Tropical Moist Forest dataset are released, updated to reflect whether recent forest change shows temporary degradation or permanent deforestation.

Maps of degraded forest were derived from the European Commission's Joint Research Centre's TMF dataset Version 1 from 2023  (Vancutsem et al., 2021) using 41 years of Landsat time series at 30 metre spatial resolution and aggregated at department level. Forest degradation was defined as a disturbance in the tree cover canopy  visible from space over a short time period (< 2.5 years). A 'forest degradation' pixel remains forested land; i.e.,  covered by existing or regrowing trees, whereas a 'deforestation' pixel leads to the long-term (visible > 2.5 years) conversion into non-forested land  (Vancutsem et al., 2021).

Côte d’Ivoire - Degradation

Area of undisturbed Tropical Moist Forest derived from EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021). Note that values for the most recent 2 years may change in the future when new versions of the Tropical Moist Forest dataset are released, updated to reflect whether recent forest change shows temporary degradation or permanent deforestation.

Undisturbed forest maps were derived from the European Commission's Joint Research Centre's forest cover change in tropical moist forests (TMF) dataset Version 1 from 2023 (Vancutsem et al., 2021) using 41 years of Landsat time series at 30 metre spatial resolution and aggregated at department level. Undisturbed forest was defined as a closed evergreen or semi-evergreen forest without any disturbance observed over the full Landsat historical dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021).

Côte d’Ivoire - Undisturbed forest

Area of mangrove forest cover in 2018 (Clark Labs aquaculture datasets 2020).

Ecuador - Mangrove forest

Area of mangrove forest expansion between 2014 and 2018 (Clark Labs aquaculture datasets 2020).

Ecuador - Mangrove expansion

Area of mangrove forest loss between 2014 and 2018 (Clark Labs aquaculture datasets 2020).

Ecuador - Mangrove loss

Area of mangrove forest in 2018 covered by mangrove partnership areas (Socio-Manglar) and Sustainable Use and Custody of Mangrove Agreements (AUSCM) (data from Clark Labs aquaculture datasets, 2020 and National System of Protected Areas – SNAP).

Ecuador - Area of mangrove under sustainable custody agreements

Area of mangrove forest converted to shrimp pond between 2014 and 2018 (Clark Labs aquaculture datasets 2020).

Ecuador - Shrimp pond mangrove deforestation

Area of mangrove forest regrowth between 2014 and 2018 in areas previously under shrimp production (Clark Labs aquaculture datasets 2020).

Ecuador - Shrimp pond mangrove regrowth

Area of aquaculture ponds for shrimp production (Aquaculture Subsecretariat).

Ecuador - Shrimp pond cover

Estimated shrimp production, based on pond area and export data (Aquaculture Subsecretariat).

Ecuador - Production of shrimp

Ghana - Gross greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation

Ghana - Annual cocoa deforestation

Ghana - Gross emissions from cocoa deforestation

Ghana - Gross emissions from annual cocoa deforestation

We calculate net greenhouse gas emissions from annual deforestation as the difference between gross greenhouse gas emissions from cocoa deforestation and carbon sequestration in cocoa plantations. To account for carbon sequestration, we adopted estimates from (Vervuurt et al., 2022) of 19 t C ha-1 in cocoa trees and 4 t C ha-1 in shade trees.

Ghana - Net emissions from cocoa deforestation

We calculate net greenhouse gas emissions from annual deforestation for cocoa as the difference between gross emissions from annual deforestation for cocoa and carbon sequestration in cocoa plantations. To account for carbon sequestration, we adopted estimates from (Vervuurt et al., 2022) of 19 t C ha-1 in cocoa trees and 4 t C ha-1 in shade trees.

Ghana - Net emissions from annual cocoa deforestation

Peatland areas were derived from Indonesia's official peat map, produced by the Indonesian Center for Agricultural Land Resources Research and Development within the Ministry of Agriculture (2019).

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