Beef

Chicken

Cocoa

Coffee

Corn

Cotton

Palm kernel

Palm oil

Pork

Shrimp

Sugarcane

Wood pulp

Argentina

Brazil

Colombia

Côte d'Ivoire

Ecuador

Ghana

Indonesia

Paraguay

Peru

Gross emissions attributable to deforestation. Estimates are based on the total biomass removal stored in the native vegetation. The numbers are subsequently transformed in CO₂-eq by multiplying carbon stock per 3.67.

Argentina - Emissions from deforestation

Gross emissions attributable to soy deforestation. Estimates are based on the total biomass removal stored in the native vegetation. The numbers are subsequently transformed in CO₂-eq by multiplying carbon stock per 3.67.

Argentina - Gross emissions from soy deforestation

The soy area in the target year that overlaps with deforestation in the five years prior to soy detection.

Argentina - Soy deforestation

Argentina - Production of soy

Percentage of the soy that is exported by a trader with a zero deforestation commitment.

Argentina - Soy traded under zero deforestation commitments

Total deforestation per jurisdiction for a given year.

Argentina - Deforestation

Cattle deforestation is the amount of deforestation associated with the production of beef for a given year. Cattle deforestation builds on pasture deforestation and assumes a 5 year life cycle from birth to slaughter, accounting for the average pasture deforestation during the 5 year lifespan.

Cattle deforestation estimates the amount of deforestation associated with the production of beef for a given year. Cattle deforestation combines the area deforested for pastures and cattle production, assuming a 5 year life cycle from birth to slaughter, accounting for the average pasture deforestation during the 5 year lifespan.

Brazil - Cattle deforestation

Cattle deforestation per ton is the pasture deforestation associated with the full production life-cycle of beef for a given year, expressed in hectares deforested per ton of carcass. We assume a 5 year life cycle from birth to slaughter accounting for average production and pasture deforestation during the life cycle.

Cattle deforestation per ton estimates the amount of deforestation associated with the production of beef for a given year, expressed in hectares deforested per ton of carcass. Cattle assumes a 5 year life cycle from birth to slaughter accounting for the average production and pasture deforestation during the life cycle.

Brazil - Cattle deforestation per ton

Estimated cattle production in tonnes of carcass.

Cattle production (ton carcass) per municipality, per year, is calculated as: herd size (per muni/yr) * slaughter rate (per state/yr) * carcass weight (per state/yr). Herd size is derived from IBGE cattle heads (IBGE, 2025), slaughter rate: extrapolates Annualpec slaughter data (IEG & FNP, 2019), based on IBGE slaughter data and corrected for SIGSIF animal movements (MAPA, 2019). Carcass weight is derived from IBGE carcass weights (IBGE, 2025)

Brazil - Cattle production

Production of coffee per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Production of coffee

Average coffee yield per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Coffee yield

Gross CO₂-eq emissions from cattle deforestation (using a 5-year allocation period), estimate emission from the loss of the native vegetation biomass (above- and below-ground, litter, and deadwood; excluding soil carbon).

Gross greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from cattle deforestation, expressed in tonnes of CO₂-equivalent (t CO₂-eq), are determined by calculating the emissions resulting from the removal of native vegetation carbon stocks. Carbon stocks include the above and below ground biomass including necromass. The carbon stocks are based on the values provided by SEEG v12 (SEEG, 2024). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq by multiplying the values by 3.67, based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂.

Brazil - Gross emissions from cattle deforestation

Gross CO₂-eq emissions from cattle deforestation per ton of beef, assuming a 5-year cattle lifecycle from birth to slaughter. Estimates are based on the loss of native vegetation biomass (above- and below-ground, litter, and deadwood; excluding soil carbon), with carbon stocks converted to CO₂-eq by multiplying by 3.67.

Brazil - Gross emissions from cattle deforestation per ton

Gross CO₂-eq emissions from pasture deforestation (using a 5-year allocation period), estimate emissions from the loss of the native vegetation biomass (above- and below-ground, litter, and deadwood; excluding soil carbon).

Gross greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from pasture deforestation, expressed in tonnes of CO₂-equivalent (t CO₂-eq), are determined by calculating the emissions resulting from the removal (land conversion) of native vegetation carbon stocks. Carbon stocks include the above and below ground biomass including necromass. The carbon stocks are based on the values provided by SEEG v12 (SEEG, 2024). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq by multiplying the values by 3.67, based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂.

Brazil - Gross emissions from pasture deforestation

Net CO₂-eq emissions attributable to cattle deforestation (using a 5-year allocation period). Estimates are based on the difference between the biomass stored in the native vegetation biomass (above- and below-ground, litter, and deadwood; excluding soil carbon).

Net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from cattle deforestation, expressed in tonnes of CO₂-equivalent (t CO₂-eq), are estimated based on the difference between the biomass stored in the native vegetation biomass before land conversion and the carbon stored in pastures. Carbon stocks include above and below ground biomass including necromass. Both the native vegetation and the pasture carbon stocks are based on estimates provided by SEEG v12 (SEEG, 2024). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq by multiplying the values by 3.67, based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂.

Brazil - Net emissions from cattle deforestation

Net CO₂-eq emissions from cattle deforestation per ton of beef, based on the biomass difference between native vegetation and pasture, assuming a 5-year cattle lifecycle from birth to slaughter.

Brazil - Net emissions from cattle deforestation per ton

Net CO₂-eq emissions attributable to pasture deforestation (using a 5-year allocation period). Estimates are based on the difference between the biomass stored in the native vegetation biomass (above- and below-ground, litter, and deadwood; excluding soil carbon).

Net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from pasture deforestation, expressed in tonnes of CO₂-equivalent (t CO₂-eq), are determined by calculating the emissions resulting from the removal of native vegetation carbon stocks, due to deforestation for pasture, and the carbon stored in pasture. Carbon stocks include above and below ground biomass including necromass. Both the native vegetation and the pasture carbon stocks are based on estimates provided by SEEG v12 (SEEG, 2024). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq by multiplying the values by 3.67, based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂.

Brazil - Net emissions from pasture deforestation

Production of robusta coffee per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Production of robusta coffee

Average robusta coffee yield per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Robusta coffee yield

Production of the first crop of corn per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Production of corn (first crop)

Average municipal corn yield per jurisdiction in a given year, only the first crop harvest.

Brazil - Corn yield (first crop)

Production of the second crop of corn per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Production of corn (second crop)

Pasture deforestation is the amount of deforestation across a five-year allocation period that is converted to pasture. To calculate it, we overlapped the annual pasture maps from MapBiomas with the annual territorial deforestation five years prior to the target year for pasture, including the year the pasture was detected.

Pasture deforestation is quantified as the total area of deforestation converted to pasture within a five-year allocation period. We calculate this by spatially overlapping annual pasture maps from MapBiomas with annual territorial deforestation data. This analysis identifies all deforestation that occurred within the five years prior to, and including, the year pasture was detected, yielding a cumulative estimate of deforestation linked to pasture land use. The territorial deforestation data is a composite dataset, integrating information from Prodes Amazon (INPE, 2025), Prodes Cerrado (INPE, 2025), and MapBiomas deforestation (MapBiomas, 2025; Souza et al., 2020) data for all other biomes.

Brazil - Pasture deforestation

Area of pasture derived from Mapbiomas collection 10 (MapBiomas, 2025)

Brazil - Pasture area

Percent export traded under a Company Zero Deforestation Commitment (ZDC) or the G4 (Compromisso Público da Pecuária – CPP) commitment.

Percent beef export volume traded under a Company Zero Deforestation Commitment (ZDC) (Global Canopy, 2025; Thomsen, 2025), G4 (Compromisso Público da Pecuária – CPP) (Greenpeace, 2009). NA for areas where no beef is exported from. ZDCs are assessed by Global Canopy following the Forest 500 guidance for those companies handling together 90% of total beef exports.

Brazil - Beef exported under a ZDC

Percent production under a Company Zero Deforestation Commitment (ZDC) or the G4 (Compromisso Público da Pecuária – CPP) commitment. Note, trader commitments within the domestic supply-chain are not assessed here.

Percent production volume (incl. exports and domestic) traded under a Company Zero Deforestation Commitment (ZDC) (Global Canopy, 2025; Thomsen, 2025), G4 (Compromisso Público da Pecuária – CPP) (Greenpeace, 2009). ZDCs are assessed by Global Canopy following the Forest 500 guidance for those companies handling together 90% of total beef exports.

Brazil - Beef produced under a ZDC

Number of chickens (heads) slaughtered per jurisdiction of origin.

Brazil - Chickens slaughtered

Gross emissions from territorial deforestation. Estimates are based on the total removal of the biomass stored in the native vegetation, including above and below ground biomass, litter and deadwood. 

Gross greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from territorial  deforestation, expressed in tonnes of CO₂-equivalent (t CO₂-eq) are determined by calculating the emissions resulting from the removal (land conversion) of native vegetation carbon stocks. Carbon stocks include the above and below ground biomass including necromass. The carbon stocks are based on the values provided by SEEG v12 (SEEG, 2024). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq by multiplying the values by 3.67, based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂.

Brazil - Gross emissions from deforestation

Production of cocoa per jurisdiction for a given year.

Brazil - Production of cocoa

Average cocoa yield per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Cocoa yield

Production of arabica coffee per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Production of arabica coffee

Average arabica coffee yield per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Arabica coffee yield

Average municipal corn yield per jurisdiction in a given year, only the second crop harvest.

Brazil - Corn yield (second crop)

Total production of corn per jurisdiction in a given year (first and second crop).

Brazil - Production of corn

Average municipal corn yield per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Corn yield

Total production of cotton per jurisdiction in a given year(first and second crop).

Brazil - Production of cotton

Average cotton yield per jurisdiction in a given year.

Brazil - Cotton yield

Number of pigs slaughtered per jurisdiction of origin in a given year.

Brazil - Pigs slaughtered

Gross CO₂-eq emissions from soy deforestation (using a 5-year allocation period), estimate emissions from the loss of the native vegetation biomass, including above- and below-ground, litter, and deadwood, while excluding soil carbon.

Gross greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from soy deforestation, expressed in tonnes of CO₂-equivalent (t CO₂-eq) are determined by calculating the emissions resulting from the removal (land conversion) of native vegetation carbon stocks. Carbon stocks include the above and below ground biomass including necromass. The carbon stocks are based on the values provided by SEEG v12 (SEEG, 2024). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq by multiplying the values by 3.67, based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂.

Brazil - Gross emissions from soy deforestation

Volume of soy per jurisdiction that was certified according to the Round Table on Responsible Soy (RTRS) Standard for Responsible Soy Production. No conversion of natural vegetation is permitted after June 2016 under the RTRS Principles and Criteria.

Volume of soy produced per jurisdiction that was certified according to the Round Table on Responsible Soy (RTRS) Standard for Responsible Soy Production. No conversion of natural vegetation is permitted after June 2016 under the RTRS Principles and Criteria (RTRS, 2024).

Brazil - Round Table on Responsible Soy (RTRS)

Soy harvested area derived from Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE, 2022).

Brazil - Soy area

Soy deforestation is the amount of deforestation across a five-year allocation period that is converted to soy. To calculate it, we overlapped the annual soy maps from GLAD, in the southern hemisphere, and Mapbiomas soy, for the northern hemisphere with the annual territorial deforestation up to six years prior to the soy harvest, excluding the time from planting to harvest. 

Soy deforestation is quantified as the total area of deforestation converted to soy within a five-year allocation period accounting for a one year lag between planting and harvest. We calculate this by spatially overlapping territorial deforestation and annual soy maps from GLAD in the southern hemisphere (Song et al., 2021) and Mapbiomas soy in the northern hemisphere (MapBiomas, 2025; Souza et al., 2020). This analysis identifies all deforestation that occurred within the five years prior to planting, yielding a cumulative estimate of deforestation linked to soy production. The territorial deforestation data is a composite dataset, integrating information from Prodes Amazon (INPE, 2025), Prodes Cerrado (INPE, 2025), and MapBiomas deforestation (MapBiomas, 2025; Souza et al., 2020) data for all other biomes.

Brazil - Soy deforestation

Soy production tons derived from Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE, 2022).

Brazil - Soy production

Soy yield was derived from Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE, 2022).

Brazil - Soy yield

Percentage of soy that is exported by a trader with a zero deforestation commitment (ZDC) (Global Canopy, 2025; Thomsen, 2025), including the Soy Moratorium in the Brazilian Amazon (Abiove, 2024). ZDCs are assessed by Global Canopy following the Forest 500 guidance for those companies handling together 90% of total soy exports.

Brazil - Soy exported under a ZDC

Total deforestation is defined as the conversion of primary native vegetation.

The territorial deforestation data is a composite dataset, integrating information from Prodes Amazon (INPE, 2025), Prodes Cerrado (INPE, 2025), and MapBiomas deforestation (MapBiomas, 2025; Souza et al., 2020) data for all other biomes. Deforestation is defined as the conversion of primary native vegetation. 

Brazil - Deforestation

Gross CO₂-eq. emissions from deforestation, estimated from the loss of above- and below-ground biomass (excluding soil carbon) from the EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021). Carbon stocks were converted to CO₂-eq. by multiplying by 3.67. Note that values for the most recent 2 years may change in the future when new versions of the Tropical Moist Forest dataset are released, updated to reflect whether recent forest change shows temporary degradation or permanent deforestation.

Gross (greenhouse gas) emissions from territorial deforestation (tonnes of CO2-eq) were calculated by estimating the maximum CO2-eq potentially emitted due to the full removal of the biomass as a result of territorial deforestation, estimated in a given year. This metric is calculated by multiplying the area of territorial deforestation by an estimate of the carbon stock contained in each hectare of converted land. Carbon stocks represent the total carbon stored in above- and below-ground biomass, but does not include carbon stocks in the soil. We create local estimates of biomass density (carbon stocks per hectare) using data from (Soto-Navarro et al., 2020). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq emissions by multiplying by a factor of 44/12 ( or 3.67), based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂ following (Pachauri et al., 2015).

Côte d’Ivoire - Gross greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation

Cocoa deforestation is the amount of deforestation within a 15-year allocation period that is converted to cocoa plantations. To calculate it, we overlapped the cocoa area map from (Kalischek et al., 2023) (representing cocoa plantations in 2019 to 2021) with the annual loss of undisturbed Tropical Moist Forests from the EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021), applying a four-year lag between deforestation and first potential harvest to reflect the time from planting to harvest. Note that this does not account for cocoa expansion after 2021, and values for the most recent 2 years may change in the future when new versions of the Tropical Moist Forest dataset are released, updated to reflect whether recent forest change shows temporary degradation or permanent deforestation.

This metric estimates how much deforestation is associated with the cocoa exports in the selected year and department. Here, deforestation was defined as the conversion from undisturbed forest to non-forest (Renier et al., 2023; Vancutsem et al., 2021). To estimate the deforestation associated with the cocoa exports in a specific year,  we used a) a four-year lag between cocoa planting and the first harvest (the first year of potential cocoa exports), and b) aggregated deforestation at the location of cocoa production across 15 years. By setting these parameters we are assuming that the plantations will be ready for harvesting, and consequently starting to contribute to the volume traded, in the fourth year after the deforestation event. For example, cocoa exported in 2021 was planted in 2017 or earlier. We calculate cocoa deforestation in 2021 (Vancutsem et al., 2021) as the sum of deforestation defined by the area converted from undisturbed forest in 2002 to non-forest in 2017 at the location of the cocoa plantation (Kalischek et al., 2023).

Côte d’Ivoire - Cocoa deforestation

Annual deforestation for cocoa shows the total area deforested that will be subsequently converted to cocoa plantations.

Annual deforestation for cocoa is a subset of the territorial deforestation, and shows the total area deforested in the target year that will be subsequently converted to cocoa plantations. This metric was calculated based on deforestation as detected by (Vancutsem et al., 2021) and cocoa plantations as detected by (Kalischek et al., 2023).

Côte d’Ivoire - Annual cocoa deforestation

Gross CO₂-equivalent emissions from cocoa deforestation (15-year allocation period, 4-year lag), estimated from the loss of above- and below-ground biomass (excluding soil carbon). Carbon stocks were converted to CO₂-equivalent by multiplying by 3.67. To calculate above and belowground biomass loss, we overlapped the cocoa area map from (Kalischek et al., 2023) (representing cocoa plantations in 2019 to 2021) with the loss of undisturbed Tropical Moist Forests from the EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021), applying a four-year lag between deforestation and first potential harvest to reflect the time from planting to harvest. Note that values for the most recent 2 years may change in the future when new versions of the Tropical Moist Forest dataset are released, updated to reflect whether recent forest change shows temporary degradation or permanent deforestation.

GHG emissions from cocoa deforestation (tonnes of CO₂-eq) were calculated within a given year and department by estimating all of the CO₂-eq. potentially emitted due to cocoa deforestation. Here, deforestation was defined as the conversion from undisturbed forest to deforested land (Vancutsem et al., 2021) within the period starting 19 years and ending 4 years before the detection of cocoa plantation by (Kalischek et al., 2023). This metric is calculated by multiplying the deforested area by an estimate of the carbon stock contained in each hectare of deforested land. Carbon stocks represent the total carbon stored in above- and below-ground biomass, but does not include carbon stocks in the soil. We create local estimates of biomass density (carbon stocks per hectare) using data from (Soto-Navarro et al., 2020). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq emissions by multiplying by a factor of 44/12 ( or 3.67), based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂ following (Pachauri et al., 2015).

Côte d’Ivoire - Gross emissions from cocoa deforestation

Gross CO₂-equivalent emissions from annual cocoa deforestation estimated from the loss of above- and below-ground biomass (excluding soil carbon). Carbon stocks were converted to CO₂-equivalent by multiplying by 3.67. To calculate above and belowground biomass loss, we overlapped the cocoa area map from (Kalischek et al., 2023) (representing cocoa plantations in 2019 to 2021) with the annual loss of undisturbed Tropical Moist Forests from the EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021).

GHG emissions from annual deforestation for cocoa (tonnes of CO₂-eq) were calculated within a given year and department by estimating all of the CO₂-eq. potentially emitted due to annual deforestation for cocoa. Here, deforestation was defined as the conversion within one year from undisturbed forest to deforested land as defined by (Vancutsem et al., 2021) and detected as cocoa plantation by (Kalischek et al., 2023) . This metric is calculated by multiplying the deforested area by an estimate of the carbon stock contained in each hectare of deforested land. Carbon stocks represent the total carbon stored in above- and below-ground biomass, but does not include carbon stocks in the soil. We create local estimates of biomass density (carbon stocks per hectare) using data from (Soto-Navarro et al., 2020). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq emissions by multiplying by a factor of 44/12 ( or 3.67), based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂ following (Pachauri et al., 2015).

Côte d’Ivoire - Gross emissions from annual cocoa deforestation

Net greenhouse gas emissions from cocoa deforestation (15-year allocation period, 4-year lag), were calculated as the difference between gross emissions from cocoa deforestation and sequestration in new cocoa plantations. To calculate above and belowground biomass loss, we overlapped the cocoa area map from (Kalischek et al., 2023) (representing cocoa plantations in 2019 to 2021) with the loss of undisturbed Tropical Moist Forests from the EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021), applying a four-year lag between deforestation and first potential harvest to reflect the time from planting to harvest. Note that values for the most recent 2 years may change in the future when new versions of the Tropical Moist Forest dataset are released, updated to reflect whether recent forest change shows temporary degradation or permanent deforestation.

We calculate net greenhouse gas emissions from annual deforestation as the difference between gross greenhouse gas emissions from cocoa deforestation and carbon sequestration in cocoa plantations. To account for carbon sequestration, we adopted estimates from (Vervuurt et al., 2022) for Cote d'Ivoire of 19 t C ha-1 in cocoa trees and 4 t C ha-1 in shade trees.

Côte d’Ivoire - Net emissions from cocoa deforestation

Net greenhouse gas emissions from annual cocoa deforestation were calculated as the difference between gross emissions from annual cocoa deforestation and sequestration in new cocoa plantations. To calculate above and belowground biomass loss, we overlapped the cocoa area map from (Kalischek et al., 2023) (representing cocoa plantations in 2019 to 2021) with the loss of undisturbed Tropical Moist Forests from the EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021).

We calculate net greenhouse gas emissions from annual deforestation for cocoa as the difference between gross emissions from annual deforestation for cocoa and carbon sequestration in cocoa plantations. To account for carbon sequestration, we adopted estimates from (Vervuurt et al., 2022) for Cote d'Ivoire of 19 t C ha-1 in cocoa trees and 4 t C ha-1 in shade trees.

Côte d’Ivoire - Net emissions from annual cocoa deforestation

Deforestation of undisturbed Tropical Moist Forest derived from EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021). Note that values for the most recent 2 years may change in the future when new versions of the Tropical Moist Forest dataset are released, updated to reflect whether recent forest change shows temporary degradation or permanent deforestation.

Deforestation maps were derived from the European Commission's Joint Research Centre 's TMF dataset Version 1 from 2023 (Vancutsem et al., 2021) using 41 years of Landsat time series at 30 metre spatial resolution and aggregated at department level. Deforestation refers to the year of change in land cover, from undisturbed or degraded forest (see above) to non-forest (Vancutsem et al., 2021).

Côte d’Ivoire - Deforestation

Degradation of Tropical Moist Forest derived from EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021). Note that values for the most recent 2 years may change in the future when new versions of the Tropical Moist Forest dataset are released, updated to reflect whether recent forest change shows temporary degradation or permanent deforestation.

Maps of degraded forest were derived from the European Commission's Joint Research Centre's TMF dataset Version 1 from 2023  (Vancutsem et al., 2021) using 41 years of Landsat time series at 30 metre spatial resolution and aggregated at department level. Forest degradation was defined as a disturbance in the tree cover canopy  visible from space over a short time period (< 2.5 years). A 'forest degradation' pixel remains forested land; i.e.,  covered by existing or regrowing trees, whereas a 'deforestation' pixel leads to the long-term (visible > 2.5 years) conversion into non-forested land  (Vancutsem et al., 2021).

Côte d’Ivoire - Degradation

Area of undisturbed Tropical Moist Forest derived from EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021). Note that values for the most recent 2 years may change in the future when new versions of the Tropical Moist Forest dataset are released, updated to reflect whether recent forest change shows temporary degradation or permanent deforestation.

Undisturbed forest maps were derived from the European Commission's Joint Research Centre's forest cover change in tropical moist forests (TMF) dataset Version 1 from 2023 (Vancutsem et al., 2021) using 41 years of Landsat time series at 30 metre spatial resolution and aggregated at department level. Undisturbed forest was defined as a closed evergreen or semi-evergreen forest without any disturbance observed over the full Landsat historical dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021).

Côte d’Ivoire - Undisturbed forest

Estimated shrimp production, based on pond area and export data (Aquaculture Subsecretariat).

Ecuador - Production of shrimp

Ghana - Gross greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation

Ghana - Cocoa deforestation embedded in trade

Ghana - Annual cocoa deforestation

Ghana - Gross emissions from cocoa deforestation

Ghana - Gross emissions from annual cocoa deforestation

We calculate net greenhouse gas emissions from annual deforestation as the difference between gross greenhouse gas emissions from cocoa deforestation and carbon sequestration in cocoa plantations. To account for carbon sequestration, we adopted estimates from (Vervuurt et al., 2022) of 19 t C ha-1 in cocoa trees and 4 t C ha-1 in shade trees.

Ghana - Net emissions from cocoa deforestation

We calculate net greenhouse gas emissions from annual deforestation for cocoa as the difference between gross emissions from annual deforestation for cocoa and carbon sequestration in cocoa plantations. To account for carbon sequestration, we adopted estimates from (Vervuurt et al., 2022) of 19 t C ha-1 in cocoa trees and 4 t C ha-1 in shade trees.

Ghana - Net emissions from annual cocoa deforestation

Ghana - Deforestation

Ghana - Degradation

Cattle deforestation per ton is a measure of the deforested area (pasture deforestation) associated with the production of beef for a given year, expressed in hectares per ton of carcass. Pasture deforestation was calculated by overlapping pasture maps with the annual territorial deforestation five years prior to the target year for pasture, including the year the pasture was detected.

Paraguay - Cattle deforestation per ton

Size of the cattle herd for a given year.

Paraguay - Cattle herd size

Ghana - Undisturbed forest

The total burned area per year, according to data from the Ministry of Forestry, Government of Indonesia (2025).

To estimate the area burned, we relied upon the official burned area dataset from Indonesia’s Ministry of Forestry (MoF, 2025). The dataset has been published yearly since 2015 by MoF and is mapped at 1:250,000 scale on a monthly basis by visual interpretation of the extent of forest and land fires from Landsat-8, Landsat-9 and Sentinel-2 satellite imagery. The visually identified burned areas are then validated by experts using hotspot data from the Terra-Aqua MODIS Satellite, NOAA 20, S-NPP and Landsat-8 as well as field reports. It is worth noting that recent research indicates that this data might underestimate the total burned area. For example, Gaveau et al. (2021) present evidence that the 2019 burned area was 90% greater than the area reported by MoF.

Indonesia - Burned areas

Burned peatlands refer to the peat areas that have been affected by fire, as identified from burned area data (Ministry of Forestry, 2025)

Indonesia - Burned peatlands

Gross greenhouse gas emissions from territorial deforestation. Estimates are based on the total biomass removal stored in above- and below-ground biomass in forests (excl. soil carbon). CO₂-eq were derived by multiplying carbon stocks by 3.67.

Gross greenhouse gas emissions from territorial deforestation (tonnes of CO2-eq) were calculated by estimating the maximum CO2-eq potentially emitted due to the full removal of the biomass as a result of territorial deforestation. This metric is calculated by multiplying territorial deforestation by the estimated carbon stock per hectare of converted land. Carbon stocks include above and below-ground biomass, excluding soil biomass. We derived local above-ground woody biomass density (carbon stocks per hectare) from Harris et al. (2021). We estimated below-ground biomass density from the above-ground biomass based on the ratio of below-ground to above-ground biomass derived from Spawn et al. (2010). We converted biomass to carbon using conversion factors of 0.47 t C t-1 for above-ground and 0.39 t C t-1 for below-ground, respectively (Diop et al., 2016). Finally, we converted carbon to CO2-eq emissions by multiplying the carbon estimates by a factor of 44/12 (or 3.67), based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂ following IPCC (2014).

Indonesia - Gross emissions from deforestation

Greenhouse gas emissions from peat soil burning linked to palm oil production in a given year. The emissions are calculated based on the area of overlap between the burned areas (Ministry of Forestry, 2025) and peat areas (Ministry of Agriculture, 2019) and attributed to oil palm based on the different land uses. An average emission factor of 824 tonnes of CO₂-eq./ha was applied, following Rodríguez Vásquez et al. (2021).

GHG emissions from fires on peat soils in a given year were estimated based on the overlap between burned areas (Ministry of Forestry, 2025) and peat areas (Ministry of Agriculture, 2019), multiplied by an emission factor of 824 t CO₂ eq ha⁻¹, following the average emission estimates provided by Rodríguez Vásquez et al. (2021). This value represents the average CO₂ released per hectare during a single peat fire event, derived from measurements of burn depth, bulk density, and emission factors from peatland sites in Kalimantan, Sumatra, and Malaysia. Because peat fires may result from multiple land uses, emissions were allocated to the oil palm sector according to the proportion of modified peatlands within each FFB production unit that are covered by oil palm. Modified peatlands are defined as peat soils used for agriculture, including rice paddies, oil palm, pulpwood plantations, aquaculture, and other agricultural uses, as identified by MapBiomas Indonesia Collection 4 (2025). This choice reflects the fact that fire is often used as land management to clear the land before it is used agriculturally and might then spread to neighbouring areas (Purnomo et al., 2017), whereas fires in intact peatland forests are uncommon (Marlier et al., 2015).

Indonesia - Emissions from peat burning

Gross emissions attributable to soy deforestation. Estimates are based on the total removal of the biomass stored in the native vegetation. The numbers are subsequently transformed in CO₂-eq by multiplying carbon stock per 3.67.

Paraguay - Gross emissions from soy deforestation

Greenhouse gas emissions from peat subsidence linked to palm oil production in a given year. The emissions are calculated based on the area of industrial oil palm plantations located on peatland multiplied by an emission factor of 90 t CO₂-eq./ha, following Cooper et al. (2020).

GHG emissions from peat subsidence in a given year were estimated based on the area of industrial oil palm plantations located on peat soils within each FFB production unit for the target year. This area was multiplied by an emission factor of 90 t CO₂ eq ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, averaged over a 30-year plantation cycle, to account for methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide emissions resulting from peat oxidation and subsidence after drainage (Cooper et al., 2020). 

Indonesia - Emissions from peat subsidence

Gross greenhouse gas emissions from land converted to industrial oil palm plantations in a given year, including both forest and non-forest areas. Emissions were estimated by multiplying the converted area by the estimated carbon stocks per hectare, using above-ground biomass data from Harris et al. (2021) and applying root-to-shoot ratios from Spawn et al. (2020) to estimate below-ground biomass. Estimates are based on total biomass removal (above- and below-ground) and exclude soil carbon. CO₂-equivalents were calculated by multiplying total carbon stocks by 3.67.

Gross greenhouse gas emissions from industrial palm oil conversion (tonnes of CO2-eq) were calculated within a given year by estimating all of the CO2-eq potentially emitted due to annual oil palm land use change, including both from natural forest and non-forest land covers (as defined in Gaveau et al. (2022). This metric is calculated by multiplying the area converted each year to palm oil by an estimate of the carbon stock (above and below ground, excluding soil carbon stocks) contained in each hectare of converted land. Above-ground woody biomass density (carbon stocks per hectare) was derived from Harris et al. (2021). Below-ground biomass density was estimated based on Harris et al.’s above-ground biomass density and the ratio of below-ground to above-ground biomass derived from Spawn et al. (2020). To convert biomass to carbon density, we used conversion factors of 0.47 t C t-1 for aboveground and 0.39 t C-1 for belowground, respectively (Diop et al., 2016). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq emissions by multiplying by a factor of 44/12 (or 3.67), based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂ following IPCC (2014).

Indonesia - Gross emissions from land-use change

Net greenhouse gas emissions from land-use change were calculated as the difference between gross emissions from oil palm plantation expansion and carbon sequestration in new industrial oil palm plantations in the target year. Values may be negative if oil palm plantations are established on non-forest land.

Net greenhouse gas emissions from industrial oil palm were calculated as the difference between gross emissions from oil palm plantation expansion and carbon sequestration in new industrial oil palm plantations. Carbon sequestration was estimated by multiplying the area of new industrial oil palm plantations in the target year by the biomass carbon stock of industrial oil palm plantations per hectare. We used values from Khasanah et al. (2015) for above-ground biomass and applied a 1:4 root-to-shoot ratio from Guillaume et al. (2018) to account for below-ground biomass. Carbon stocks were converted to CO₂-equivalent emissions using a factor of 3.67 (IPCC, 2014).

Indonesia - Net emissions from land-use change

The extent of productive industrial oil palm plantations identified by remote sensing and expert photo interpretation, following the definition of the TreeMap’s Nusantara Atlas (Gaveau et al., 2022).

Oil palm planted area is the extent of productive industrial oil palm. It was calculated using data provided by Gaveau et al. (2022), who mapped the year in which oil palm is first planted in a given location. This dataset can be viewed at Nusantara Atlas (The TreeMap, 2025). Oil palms were assumed to start producing fresh fruit bunches (FFB) in the third year after planting and continue to produce for up to 30 years. Based on these assumptions,the productive oil palm planted area assigned is the total area planted  three years before the target year. For example, the productive oil palm planted area in 2018 is represented by the total area mapped as oil palm plantation in 2015 by Gaveau et. al. (Gaveau et al., 2022).

Indonesia - Oil palm planted area

Gross emissions associated with the production of beef (pasture deforestation) for a given year, expressed in hectares per ton of carcass. Pasture deforestation was calculated by overlapping pasture maps with the annual territorial deforestation five years prior to the target year for pasture, including the year the pasture was detected.

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