Beef

Chicken

Coffee

Palm oil

Wood pulp

Argentina

Brazil

Colombia

Côte d'Ivoire

Ghana

Indonesia

Paraguay

Gross emissions attributable to deforestation. Estimates are based on the total biomass removal stored in the native vegetation. The numbers are subsequently transformed in CO₂-eq by multiplying carbon stock per 3.67.

Argentina - Emissions from deforestation

Total deforestation per jurisdiction for a given year.

Argentina - Deforestation

Cattle deforestation is the amount of deforestation associated with the production of beef for a given year. Cattle deforestation builds on pasture deforestation and assumes a 5 year life cycle from birth to slaughter, accounting for the average pasture deforestation during the 5 year lifespan.

Cattle deforestation estimates the amount of deforestation associated with the production of beef for a given year. Cattle deforestation combines the area deforested for pastures and cattle production, assuming a 5 year life cycle from birth to slaughter, accounting for the average pasture deforestation during the 5 year lifespan.

Brazil - Cattle deforestation

Cattle deforestation per ton is the pasture deforestation associated with the full production life-cycle of beef for a given year, expressed in hectares deforested per ton of carcass. We assume a 5 year life cycle from birth to slaughter accounting for average production and pasture deforestation during the life cycle.

Cattle deforestation per ton estimates the amount of deforestation associated with the production of beef for a given year, expressed in hectares deforested per ton of carcass. Cattle assumes a 5 year life cycle from birth to slaughter accounting for the average production and pasture deforestation during the life cycle.

Brazil - Cattle deforestation per ton

Estimated cattle production in tonnes of carcass.

Cattle production (ton carcass) per municipality, per year, is calculated as: herd size (per muni/yr) * slaughter rate (per state/yr) * carcass weight (per state/yr). Herd size is derived from IBGE cattle heads (IBGE, 2025), slaughter rate: extrapolates Annualpec slaughter data (IEG & FNP, 2019), based on IBGE slaughter data and corrected for SIGSIF animal movements (MAPA, 2019). Carcass weight is derived from IBGE carcass weights (IBGE, 2025)

Brazil - Cattle production

Gross CO₂-eq emissions from cattle deforestation (using a 5-year allocation period), estimate emission from the loss of the native vegetation biomass (above- and below-ground, litter, and deadwood; excluding soil carbon).

Gross greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from cattle deforestation, expressed in tonnes of CO₂-equivalent (t CO₂-eq), are determined by calculating the emissions resulting from the removal of native vegetation carbon stocks. Carbon stocks include the above and below ground biomass including necromass. The carbon stocks are based on the values provided by SEEG v12 (SEEG, 2024). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq by multiplying the values by 3.67, based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂.

Brazil - Gross emissions from cattle deforestation

Gross CO₂-eq emissions from cattle deforestation per ton of beef, assuming a 5-year cattle lifecycle from birth to slaughter. Estimates are based on the loss of native vegetation biomass (above- and below-ground, litter, and deadwood; excluding soil carbon), with carbon stocks converted to CO₂-eq by multiplying by 3.67.

Brazil - Gross emissions from cattle deforestation per ton

Gross CO₂-eq emissions from pasture deforestation (using a 5-year allocation period), estimate emissions from the loss of the native vegetation biomass (above- and below-ground, litter, and deadwood; excluding soil carbon).

Gross greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from pasture deforestation, expressed in tonnes of CO₂-equivalent (t CO₂-eq), are determined by calculating the emissions resulting from the removal (land conversion) of native vegetation carbon stocks. Carbon stocks include the above and below ground biomass including necromass. The carbon stocks are based on the values provided by SEEG v12 (SEEG, 2024). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq by multiplying the values by 3.67, based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂.

Brazil - Gross emissions from pasture deforestation

Net CO₂-eq emissions attributable to cattle deforestation (using a 5-year allocation period). Estimates are based on the difference between the biomass stored in the native vegetation biomass (above- and below-ground, litter, and deadwood; excluding soil carbon).

Net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from cattle deforestation, expressed in tonnes of CO₂-equivalent (t CO₂-eq), are estimated based on the difference between the biomass stored in the native vegetation biomass before land conversion and the carbon stored in pastures. Carbon stocks include above and below ground biomass including necromass. Both the native vegetation and the pasture carbon stocks are based on estimates provided by SEEG v12 (SEEG, 2024). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq by multiplying the values by 3.67, based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂.

Brazil - Net emissions from cattle deforestation

Net CO₂-eq emissions from cattle deforestation per ton of beef, based on the biomass difference between native vegetation and pasture, assuming a 5-year cattle lifecycle from birth to slaughter.

Brazil - Net emissions from cattle deforestation per ton

Net CO₂-eq emissions attributable to pasture deforestation (using a 5-year allocation period). Estimates are based on the difference between the biomass stored in the native vegetation biomass (above- and below-ground, litter, and deadwood; excluding soil carbon).

Net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from pasture deforestation, expressed in tonnes of CO₂-equivalent (t CO₂-eq), are determined by calculating the emissions resulting from the removal of native vegetation carbon stocks, due to deforestation for pasture, and the carbon stored in pasture. Carbon stocks include above and below ground biomass including necromass. Both the native vegetation and the pasture carbon stocks are based on estimates provided by SEEG v12 (SEEG, 2024). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq by multiplying the values by 3.67, based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂.

Brazil - Net emissions from pasture deforestation

Pasture deforestation is the amount of deforestation across a five-year allocation period that is converted to pasture. To calculate it, we overlapped the annual pasture maps from MapBiomas with the annual territorial deforestation five years prior to the target year for pasture, including the year the pasture was detected.

Pasture deforestation is quantified as the total area of deforestation converted to pasture within a five-year allocation period. We calculate this by spatially overlapping annual pasture maps from MapBiomas with annual territorial deforestation data. This analysis identifies all deforestation that occurred within the five years prior to, and including, the year pasture was detected, yielding a cumulative estimate of deforestation linked to pasture land use. The territorial deforestation data is a composite dataset, integrating information from Prodes Amazon (INPE, 2025), Prodes Cerrado (INPE, 2025), and MapBiomas deforestation (MapBiomas, 2025; Souza et al., 2020) data for all other biomes.

Brazil - Pasture deforestation

Area of pasture derived from Mapbiomas collection 10 (MapBiomas, 2025)

Brazil - Pasture area

Percent export traded under a Company Zero Deforestation Commitment (ZDC) or the G4 (Compromisso Público da Pecuária – CPP) commitment.

Percent beef export volume traded under a Company Zero Deforestation Commitment (ZDC) (Global Canopy, 2025; Thomsen, 2025), G4 (Compromisso Público da Pecuária – CPP) (Greenpeace, 2009). NA for areas where no beef is exported from. ZDCs are assessed by Global Canopy following the Forest 500 guidance for those companies handling together 90% of total beef exports.

Brazil - Beef exported under a ZDC

Percent production under a Company Zero Deforestation Commitment (ZDC) or the G4 (Compromisso Público da Pecuária – CPP) commitment. Note, trader commitments within the domestic supply-chain are not assessed here.

Percent production volume (incl. exports and domestic) traded under a Company Zero Deforestation Commitment (ZDC) (Global Canopy, 2025; Thomsen, 2025), G4 (Compromisso Público da Pecuária – CPP) (Greenpeace, 2009). ZDCs are assessed by Global Canopy following the Forest 500 guidance for those companies handling together 90% of total beef exports.

Brazil - Beef produced under a ZDC

Number of chickens (heads) slaughtered per jurisdiction of origin.

Brazil - Chickens slaughtered

Gross emissions from territorial deforestation. Estimates are based on the total removal of the biomass stored in the native vegetation, including above and below ground biomass, litter and deadwood. 

Gross greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from territorial  deforestation, expressed in tonnes of CO₂-equivalent (t CO₂-eq) are determined by calculating the emissions resulting from the removal (land conversion) of native vegetation carbon stocks. Carbon stocks include the above and below ground biomass including necromass. The carbon stocks are based on the values provided by SEEG v12 (SEEG, 2024). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq by multiplying the values by 3.67, based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂.

Brazil - Gross emissions from deforestation

Soy harvested area derived from Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE, 2022).

Brazil - Soy area

Soy production tons derived from Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE, 2022).

Brazil - Soy production

Soy yield was derived from Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE, 2022).

Brazil - Soy yield

Total deforestation is defined as the conversion of primary native vegetation.

The territorial deforestation data is a composite dataset, integrating information from Prodes Amazon (INPE, 2025), Prodes Cerrado (INPE, 2025), and MapBiomas deforestation (MapBiomas, 2025; Souza et al., 2020) data for all other biomes. Deforestation is defined as the conversion of primary native vegetation. 

Brazil - Deforestation

Production of coffee per jurisdiction in a given year.

Colombia - Production of coffee

Average coffee yield per jurisdiction in a given year.

Colombia - Coffee yield

Colombia - GDP per capita

Colombia - Deforestation

Gross CO₂-eq. emissions from deforestation, estimated from the loss of above- and below-ground biomass (excluding soil carbon) from the EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021). Carbon stocks were converted to CO₂-eq. by multiplying by 3.67. Note that values for the most recent 2 years may change in the future when new versions of the Tropical Moist Forest dataset are released, updated to reflect whether recent forest change shows temporary degradation or permanent deforestation.

Gross (greenhouse gas) emissions from territorial deforestation (tonnes of CO2-eq) were calculated by estimating the maximum CO2-eq potentially emitted due to the full removal of the biomass as a result of territorial deforestation, estimated in a given year. This metric is calculated by multiplying the area of territorial deforestation by an estimate of the carbon stock contained in each hectare of converted land. Carbon stocks represent the total carbon stored in above- and below-ground biomass, but does not include carbon stocks in the soil. We create local estimates of biomass density (carbon stocks per hectare) using data from (Soto-Navarro et al., 2020). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq emissions by multiplying by a factor of 44/12 ( or 3.67), based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂ following (Pachauri et al., 2015).

Côte d’Ivoire - Gross greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation

Deforestation of undisturbed Tropical Moist Forest derived from EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021). Note that values for the most recent 2 years may change in the future when new versions of the Tropical Moist Forest dataset are released, updated to reflect whether recent forest change shows temporary degradation or permanent deforestation.

Deforestation maps were derived from the European Commission's Joint Research Centre 's TMF dataset Version 1 from 2023 (Vancutsem et al., 2021) using 41 years of Landsat time series at 30 metre spatial resolution and aggregated at department level. Deforestation refers to the year of change in land cover, from undisturbed or degraded forest (see above) to non-forest (Vancutsem et al., 2021).

Côte d’Ivoire - Deforestation

Degradation of Tropical Moist Forest derived from EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021). Note that values for the most recent 2 years may change in the future when new versions of the Tropical Moist Forest dataset are released, updated to reflect whether recent forest change shows temporary degradation or permanent deforestation.

Maps of degraded forest were derived from the European Commission's Joint Research Centre's TMF dataset Version 1 from 2023  (Vancutsem et al., 2021) using 41 years of Landsat time series at 30 metre spatial resolution and aggregated at department level. Forest degradation was defined as a disturbance in the tree cover canopy  visible from space over a short time period (< 2.5 years). A 'forest degradation' pixel remains forested land; i.e.,  covered by existing or regrowing trees, whereas a 'deforestation' pixel leads to the long-term (visible > 2.5 years) conversion into non-forested land  (Vancutsem et al., 2021).

Côte d’Ivoire - Degradation

Area of undisturbed Tropical Moist Forest derived from EC JRC Tropical Moist Forest dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021). Note that values for the most recent 2 years may change in the future when new versions of the Tropical Moist Forest dataset are released, updated to reflect whether recent forest change shows temporary degradation or permanent deforestation.

Undisturbed forest maps were derived from the European Commission's Joint Research Centre's forest cover change in tropical moist forests (TMF) dataset Version 1 from 2023 (Vancutsem et al., 2021) using 41 years of Landsat time series at 30 metre spatial resolution and aggregated at department level. Undisturbed forest was defined as a closed evergreen or semi-evergreen forest without any disturbance observed over the full Landsat historical dataset (Vancutsem et al., 2021).

Côte d’Ivoire - Undisturbed forest

Ghana - Gross greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation

Ghana - Deforestation

Ghana - Degradation

Ghana - Undisturbed forest

Gross greenhouse gas emissions from territorial deforestation. Estimates are based on the total biomass removal stored in above- and below-ground biomass in forests (excl. soil carbon). CO₂-eq were derived by multiplying carbon stocks by 3.67.

Gross greenhouse gas emissions from territorial deforestation (tonnes of CO2-eq) were calculated by estimating the maximum CO2-eq potentially emitted due to the full removal of the biomass as a result of territorial deforestation. This metric is calculated by multiplying territorial deforestation by the estimated carbon stock per hectare of converted land. Carbon stocks include above and below-ground biomass, excluding soil biomass. We derived local above-ground woody biomass density (carbon stocks per hectare) from Harris et al. (2021). We estimated below-ground biomass density from the above-ground biomass based on the ratio of below-ground to above-ground biomass derived from Spawn et al. (2010). We converted biomass to carbon using conversion factors of 0.47 t C t-1 for above-ground and 0.39 t C t-1 for below-ground, respectively (Diop et al., 2016). Finally, we converted carbon to CO2-eq emissions by multiplying the carbon estimates by a factor of 44/12 (or 3.67), based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂ following IPCC (2014).

Indonesia - Gross emissions from deforestation

Greenhouse gas emissions from peat subsidence linked to palm oil production in a given year. The emissions are calculated based on the area of industrial oil palm plantations located on peatland multiplied by an emission factor of 90 t CO₂-eq./ha, following Cooper et al. (2020).

GHG emissions from peat subsidence in a given year were estimated based on the area of industrial oil palm plantations located on peat soils within each FFB production unit for the target year. This area was multiplied by an emission factor of 90 t CO₂ eq ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, averaged over a 30-year plantation cycle, to account for methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide emissions resulting from peat oxidation and subsidence after drainage (Cooper et al., 2020). 

Indonesia - Emissions from peat subsidence

Gross greenhouse gas emissions from land converted to industrial oil palm plantations in a given year, including both forest and non-forest areas. Emissions were estimated by multiplying the converted area by the estimated carbon stocks per hectare, using above-ground biomass data from Harris et al. (2021) and applying root-to-shoot ratios from Spawn et al. (2020) to estimate below-ground biomass. Estimates are based on total biomass removal (above- and below-ground) and exclude soil carbon. CO₂-equivalents were calculated by multiplying total carbon stocks by 3.67.

Gross greenhouse gas emissions from industrial palm oil conversion (tonnes of CO2-eq) were calculated within a given year by estimating all of the CO2-eq potentially emitted due to annual oil palm land use change, including both from natural forest and non-forest land covers (as defined in Gaveau et al. (2022). This metric is calculated by multiplying the area converted each year to palm oil by an estimate of the carbon stock (above and below ground, excluding soil carbon stocks) contained in each hectare of converted land. Above-ground woody biomass density (carbon stocks per hectare) was derived from Harris et al. (2021). Below-ground biomass density was estimated based on Harris et al.’s above-ground biomass density and the ratio of below-ground to above-ground biomass derived from Spawn et al. (2020). To convert biomass to carbon density, we used conversion factors of 0.47 t C t-1 for aboveground and 0.39 t C-1 for belowground, respectively (Diop et al., 2016). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq emissions by multiplying by a factor of 44/12 (or 3.67), based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂ following IPCC (2014).

Indonesia - Gross emissions from land-use change

Net greenhouse gas emissions from land-use change were calculated as the difference between gross emissions from oil palm plantation expansion and carbon sequestration in new industrial oil palm plantations in the target year. Values may be negative if oil palm plantations are established on non-forest land.

Net greenhouse gas emissions from industrial oil palm were calculated as the difference between gross emissions from oil palm plantation expansion and carbon sequestration in new industrial oil palm plantations. Carbon sequestration was estimated by multiplying the area of new industrial oil palm plantations in the target year by the biomass carbon stock of industrial oil palm plantations per hectare. We used values from Khasanah et al. (2015) for above-ground biomass and applied a 1:4 root-to-shoot ratio from Guillaume et al. (2018) to account for below-ground biomass. Carbon stocks were converted to CO₂-equivalent emissions using a factor of 3.67 (IPCC, 2014).

Indonesia - Net emissions from land-use change

The extent of productive industrial oil palm plantations identified by remote sensing and expert photo interpretation, following the definition of the TreeMap’s Nusantara Atlas (Gaveau et al., 2022).

Oil palm planted area is the extent of productive industrial oil palm. It was calculated using data provided by Gaveau et al. (2022), who mapped the year in which oil palm is first planted in a given location. This dataset can be viewed at Nusantara Atlas (The TreeMap, 2025). Oil palms were assumed to start producing fresh fruit bunches (FFB) in the third year after planting and continue to produce for up to 30 years. Based on these assumptions,the productive oil palm planted area assigned is the total area planted  three years before the target year. For example, the productive oil palm planted area in 2018 is represented by the total area mapped as oil palm plantation in 2015 by Gaveau et. al. (Gaveau et al., 2022).

Indonesia - Oil palm planted area

The total area of forest areas converted to industrial oil palm plantations in the selected year

Annual deforestation for industrial oil palm measures the forest area cleared for oil palm plantations in the target year, following the definition of rapid forest conversion to industrial oil palm in Gaveau et al. (2022). The data is derived from Gaveau et al. (Gaveau et al., 2022; The TreeMap, 2025) 

Indonesia - Annual palm deforestation (industrial)

Area of peatland of all depths planted with oil palm.

Oil palm on peatlands refers to the total area of oil palm (Gaveau et al., 2022; The TreeMap, 2025) planted on peatlands. Peatland areas were derived from Indonesia's official peatland map, which was published by the Indonesian Center for Agricultural Land Resources Research and Development within the Ministry of Agriculture in 2019 (Ministry of Agriculture, 2019). 

Indonesia - Oil palm planted on peat

Area of remaining natural forest, following the definition of The TreeMap’s Nusantara Atlas (Gaveau et al., 2021).

Natural forest area is the total area of remaining forest derived from Gaveau et al.(2022). Gaveau et al. (2022) combine primary forest cover in 2000 (Margono et al., 2014), and the global forest change data developed at the University of Maryland (Hansen et al., 2013). This definition of ‘forest’ excludes young regenerating forests, agroforests, scrublands, tree plantations, agricultural lands, grasslands, and non-vegetated areas (Gaveau et al., 2022). 

Indonesia - Natural forest

This metric represents the total deforestation of forests occurring in a single year (Gaveau et al., 2022; The TreeMap, 2025). To calculate territorial deforestation, Gaveau et al. (2022) combine primary forest in  2000 as identified by Margono et al. (2014) and the global forest change  data developed at the University of Maryland (Hansen et al., 2013). Excluding forest losses outside primary forest in 2000 (Margono et al. 2014), ensure that the deforestation reported measures forest area change rather than changes in planted trees 

Indonesia - Deforestation

Total area of natural forest converted to pulpwood plantations within the boundaries of a wood supplier’s concession in the selected year, following the definition of the TreeMap’s Nusantara Atlas (Gaveau et al., 2022). 

This metric represents total deforestation for conversion to pulpwood plantations in a single year, per concession. A subset of the annual deforestation metric, it is restricted to only those areas identified as natural forest one year before the target year and consistent with patterns of expansion of pulpwood plantations in the target year, according to the classification of Gaveau et al. (2022). 

Indonesia - Deforestation for planted pulpwood

Paraguay - Emissions from deforestation

Estimated area of deforestation for wood pulp that occurred on peatlands within the boundaries of a wood supplier’s concession in the selected year.

This metric represents total deforestation for conversion to pulpwood plantations in a single year, per concession occurring on peatlands (Ministry of Agriculture, 2019). 

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