Indonesia - Net land-use change emissions
Years available: 2015-2024
Data last updated: 5 Dec 2025
Net greenhouse gas emissions from industrial pulpwood plantation were calculated as the difference between gross emissions from pulpwood plantation expansion and carbon sequestration in new industrial pulpwood plantations. Carbon sequestration was estimated by multiplying the area of new industrial oil palm plantations in the target year by the biomass carbon stock of industrial pulpwood plantations across a plantation's full rotation. Based on research by Deshmukh et al., (2023), we assume that fully mature pulp plantations will, on average, store 42.4 tC/ha. We then adjust this maximum to estimate the average biomass within the plantation over its full rotation, as described by CFA & Quantis, (2022). This adjustment reflects the fact that perennial plantation systems are cyclical - while the plantation will contain lesser or greater stocks of carbon in individual years, the average across the full rotation can serve as a useful estimate of the carbon impact of land use change into long-term plantation forestry. Carbon stocks were converted to CO₂-equivalent emissions using a factor of 3.67 (IPCC, 2014).
- Nusantara Atlas ((Gaveau et al., 2022; The TreeMap, 2025)
- CFA & Quantis. (2022). Quantification methodology and accounting framework for carbon sequestration in perennial cropping systems. Quantis. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358104793_Quantification_methodology_and_accounting_framework_for_carbon_sequestration_in_perennial_cropping_systems
- Deshmukh, C. S., Susanto, A. P., Nardi, N., Nurholis, N., Kurnianto, S., Suardiwerianto, Y., Hendrizal, M., Rhinaldy, A., Mahfiz, R. E., Desai, A. R., Page, S. E., Cobb, A. R., Hirano, T., Guérin, F., Serça, D., Prairie, Y. T., Agus, F., Astiani, D., Sabiham, S., & Evans, C. D. (2023). Net greenhouse gas balance of fibre wood plantation on peat in Indonesia. Nature, 616(7958), 740–746. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-05860-9
- Gaveau, D. L. A., Locatelli, B., Salim, M. A., Husnayaen, Manurung, T., Descals, A., Angelsen, A., Meijaard, E., & Sheil, D. (2022). Slowing deforestation in Indonesia follows declining oil palm expansion and lower oil prices. PLOS ONE, 17(3), e0266178. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266178
- IPCC. (2014). Climate change: Synthesis report. Contribution of working Groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (p. 151). [Core Writing Team, R. K. Pachauri, & L. A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/
- The TreeMap. (2025). Nusantara Atlas [Dataset]. https://nusantara-atlas.org
To cite this dataset, use the following format
Benedict, J., Chandra, A., Orland, B., Gollnow, F., Mueller, C., Gaveau, D., Salim, A., Biddle, H., Husnayaen, H., Nagara, G., Manurung, T., Putra, S. P., Suavet, C., Yohar, S., Barr, C., & Heilmayr, R. (2025). SEI-PCS Indonesia wood pulp supply chain and sustainability metrics (Version 3.2) [Data set]. Trase. https://doi.org/10.48650/RS65-VQ47
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