Indonesia - Gross land-use change emissions

Years available: 2015-2024

Data last updated: 5 Dec 2025

GHG emissions from industrial wood pulp land conversion (tonnes of CO₂-eq) were calculated by estimating all of the CO₂-eq potentially emitted due to annual land use change to pulpwood plantation, including both from natural forest and non-forest land cover. (as defined in Gaveau et al. (2022)), estimated within a given year and concession. This metric is calculated by multiplying the area converted each year to pulpwood plantation by an estimate of the carbon stock contained in each hectare of converted land independent of the fact whether than converted land was before forest or non-forest as we assumed that the carbon stock density map will account for the difference in carbon stocks between forest and non-forest.. Carbon stocks represent the total carbon stored in above- and below-ground biomass, but does not include carbon stocks in the soil. We create local estimates of above-ground woody biomass density (carbon stocks per hectare) using data from Harris et al. (2021). Below-ground biomass density was estimated based on Harris et al. (2021)’s above-ground biomass density and the ratio of below-ground to above-ground biomass derived from Spawn et al. (2010). To convert biomass to carbon density, we used conversion factors of 0.47 t C t-1 for aboveground and 0.39 t C -1 for belowground, respectively (Diop et al., 2016). Carbon is converted into CO₂-eq emissions by multiplying by a factor of 44/12 ( or 3.67), based on the ratio between the molecular weight of C and CO₂ following IPCC (2014).